Installation of a heating system in the house. Heating installation in a private house
Living in your own home on the ground provides a number of advantages, including the possibility of installing a heating system that operates autonomously. Properly selected and installed heating wiring in a private house allows you to organize fast, uniform heating of all rooms. Controlling fuel consumption, calculated according to weather conditions, reduces heating costs.
In practice, several proven heating schemes are used, differing in the type of circulation of the coolant (most often water), as well as in the method of routing the main pipes. In most residential buildings, a single-pipe, two-pipe, radiant or “Leningrad” heating system is installed. Each heating wiring diagram for a private house has its own characteristics, which are taken into account when designing utilities.
Methods of water circulation in heating systems
The movement of liquid along a closed circuit (circuits) can occur in a natural or forced mode. Water heated by the heating boiler rushes to the radiators. This part of the heating circuit is called forward stroke (current). Once in the batteries, the coolant cools down and is sent back to the boiler for heating. This period of the closed route is called the return stroke (current). To speed up the circulation of the coolant along the circuit, special circulation pumps are used, embedded in the pipeline at the “return”. Models of heating boilers are produced, the design of which provides for the presence of such a pump.
Natural coolant circulation
The movement of water in the system occurs by gravity. This is possible due to the physical effect that appears when the density of water changes. Hot water has a lower density. The liquid flowing in the reverse direction has a high density, and therefore easily displaces the water that has already heated up in the boiler. The hot coolant rushes up the riser, and is then distributed along horizontal lines laid at a slight slope of no more than 3-5 degrees. The presence of a slope allows liquid to move through the pipes by gravity.
The heating scheme, based on the natural circulation of the coolant, is the simplest and therefore easy to implement in practice. In addition, in this case, no other communications are required. However, this option is only suitable for small private houses, since the length of the contour is limited to 30 meters. Disadvantages include the need to install larger diameter pipes, as well as low pressure in the system.
Scheme of an autonomous heating system for a house with natural circulation of water (coolant). The pipeline is laid at a slope of no more than 5 degrees
Forced coolant circulation
In autonomous heating systems (coolant) in a closed circuit there is necessarily a circulation pump, which provides an accelerated flow of heated water to the batteries, and cooled water to the heating device. The movement of water is possible due to the pressure difference that occurs between the forward and reverse flow of the coolant.
When installing this system, it is not necessary to observe the slope of the pipeline. This is an advantage, but a significant disadvantage lies in the energy dependence of such a heating system. Therefore, in case of a power outage, a private home must have a generator (mini-power plant), which will ensure the functioning of the heating system in an extreme situation.
A diagram of the organization of a home heating system, in which the circulation of the coolant is ensured by a circulation pump embedded in the return flow pipeline
A circuit with forced circulation of water as a coolant can be used when installing heating in a house of any size. In this case, a pump of suitable power is selected and its uninterrupted power supply is ensured.
Single-pipe wiring diagram
In a heating system of this type, the heated coolant flows sequentially through all radiators, releasing part of the thermal energy to the devices. They prefer to choose this scheme if a small budget has been allocated for installing a room heating system. After all, for installation you will need a minimum number of pipes, as well as related consumables.
It is impossible not to point out a number of disadvantages characteristic of a single-pipe heating system with overhead wiring, namely:
- the inability to separately regulate the level of heat transfer for each individual radiator;
- reducing the amount of heat emitted by the batteries into the room as they move away from the heating boiler.
The "" heating circuit is designed to solve the problem of independently adjusting the heat transfer level of each individual battery. In a single-pipe system, water flows through all installed radiators in series. Installing shut-off valves on each battery and installing a bypass (bypass pipe) allows for coolant circulation when a heating device is cut off.
Single-pipe wiring of the Leningradka heating system allows you to turn off individual radiators using shut-off valves, while the coolant continues to flow through the bypass pipe
Options for a two-pipe system
The main difference between heating a private house is the connection of each battery to both direct and reverse current mains, which doubles the pipe flow. But the home owner has the opportunity to regulate the level of heat transfer of each individual heating device. As a result, it is possible to provide different temperature microclimates in the rooms.
When installing a vertical two-pipe heating system, the lower as well as the upper heating distribution diagram from the boiler is applicable. Now in more detail about each of them.
Vertical system with bottom wiring
Set it up as follows:
- From the heating boiler, a supply main pipeline is run along the floor of the lower floor of the house or through the basement.
- Next, risers are launched upward from the main pipe, which ensure that the coolant enters the batteries.
- A return flow pipe departs from each battery, which carries the cooled coolant back to the boiler.
When designing the lower wiring of an autonomous heating system, the need to constantly remove air from the pipeline is taken into account. This requirement is met by installing an air pipe, as well as installing an expansion tank, and using Mayevsky taps on all radiators located on the top floor of the house.
Scheme of a two-pipe autonomous water heating system for a house with bottom wiring. The coolant will rise up the vertical risers from the central pipe
Vertical system with top wiring
In this scheme, the coolant from the boiler is supplied to the attic through the main pipeline or to the very ceiling of the upper floor. Then the water (coolant) goes down several risers, passes through all the batteries, and returns back to the heating boiler through the main pipeline.
To periodically remove air bubbles in this system, install. This version of the heating device is much more effective than the previous method with lower pipe routing, since higher pressure is created in the risers and radiators.
Scheme of a two-pipe autonomous heating system for a house with overhead wiring. The coolant moves up the central riser and then falls down, passing through all installed radiators
Horizontal heating system - three main types
The installation of a horizontal two-pipe autonomous heating system with forced circulation is the most common option for heating a private home. In this case, one of three schemes is used:
- Dead-end circuit (A). The advantage is the low pipe consumption. The disadvantage lies in the large length of the circulation circuit of the radiator farthest from the boiler. This makes it very difficult to adjust the system.
- Scheme with associated movement of water (B). Due to the equal length of all circulation circuits, it is easier to adjust the system. During implementation, a large number of pipes will be required, which increase the cost of work and also spoil the interior of the house with their appearance.
- Scheme with collector (beam) distribution (B). Since each radiator is connected separately to the central collector, it is very easy to ensure uniform distribution of all rooms. In practice, heating installation according to this scheme is the most expensive due to the high consumption of materials. The pipes are hidden in a concrete screed, which greatly increases the attractiveness of the interior. The radial (collector) floor heating distribution scheme is becoming increasingly popular among individual developers.
This is what it looks like:
Three schemes for constructing a horizontal two-pipe autonomous heating system, which are most often used in the construction of low-rise buildings and private cottages
Which heating circuit wiring diagram is better?
It is impossible to say unequivocally about the superiority of any one wiring scheme over others - it all depends on the number of floors, the presence of basements and the roof design. One of the most common cases is a one-story house with a steep hip or gable roof. Regardless of whether there is a basement under the building, the best option is to arrange heating using a two-pipe scheme with vertical risers. In this case, the wiring can be either lower or upper. The latter is preferable to use if the boiler is installed on the ground floor, which is typical for buildings that do not have a basement.
Now consider the previous example of a house, but replace the steep roof with a flat one. The wiring is best done horizontally, placing the boiler in the basement. By the way, statistics show that flat roofs are used relatively rarely for one-story buildings, while almost all of them are equipped with basements.
For two-story and multi-story buildings, both single-pipe and two-pipe heating circuits with vertical risers are allowed. In this case, you can use the upper or lower wiring. Only horizontal installation of supply branches is not allowed. In general, almost any option, regardless of the type and design of the roof.
When choosing a standard wiring diagram, it is necessary to take into account many factors, ranging from the area of the house to the materials used in its construction. It is better to resolve such issues with specialists to eliminate the possibility of error. After all, we are talking about heating the house, the main condition for comfortable living in private housing.
What do we know about heating a private home? , or water - before choosing, you should calculate the costs of purchasing materials, installation and subsequent maintenance. If you have a house, you need to manually maintain a comfortable temperature every day. Electricity is quite expensive to operate. To install water heating, it is necessary to purchase all the wiring around the house, purchase and install it. But this is where the main costs end. We will tell you how to make economical water heating of a private house with your own hands. There are numerous installation schemes, so in this review we will try to consider the most popular of them.
Any heating system has advantages and some features that you need to familiarize yourself with in advance so that emergency situations do not arise in the future.
The positive points include:
- all wiring around the house is brought into one place and connected to the boiler. This is much more convenient than installing it in every room;
- moderate coolant temperature. With a maximum of 100°C, the temperature does not exceed +60°C, in a water floor system - no higher than +40°C. This prevents dust from burning and causing burns upon contact, and the heating of the premises is soft and comfortable.
Features of water heating in a private house include:
- preliminary installation of all pipework, which increases the cost of the resource;
- risk of coolant freezing in case of irregular or seasonal use. It is necessary to either drain the water during the absence of residents, or maintain heating during the cold season, or fill it up;
- risk of leaks.
Coolant and its properties
There is no ideal coolant. Each option has an acceptable temperature range and technical parameters, if violated, the heating system can be damaged. Replacing equipment will be very expensive.
The main characteristics of the coolant that need to be taken into account when choosing:
- temperature regime;
- viscosity;
- anti-corrosion properties;
- toxicity when heated.
The best coolant is purified water and antifreeze.
The main advantages of antifreeze over water are presented in the table. Its use is especially recommended in houses with seasonal or periodic residence.
| Coolant | freezing t, °C | Viscosity,mm²/s at 40°С | Fire hazard, critical temperature, °C |
| Purified water | 0 | 0,9 | Yes |
| Industrial oils | -15 (-18) | 10÷40 | 140÷190 |
| Salt compositions | -55 | 1 | No |
| Alcohol compositions | -40 | 0,7 | Yes |
| Antifreeze | -40 | 3,1 | No |
There is no need to drain it from the system during departure. When you return, simply turn on the boiler. If the temperature drops below the limit, the composition will turn into a viscous liquid - a gel, while its physical characteristics will not change. After the temperature rises to the required level, it will again acquire a liquid form while maintaining its original volume.
You should know this! The service life of antifreeze is at least 5 years. With one fill, the system can operate for up to ten heating seasons.
antifreeze for heating
Despite all the advantages of antifreeze, many people choose water. It is safe, there are no chemical impurities in it, especially if you dig your own. The only negative point is the mineral salts in the composition, which cause corrosion. To prevent it, you can use boiled or melt water. Or alternatively, use the .
Standards and requirements for water autonomous heating
The basic requirements are developed in building codes and regulations.
- the temperature of the liquid in the pipes should not be higher than +90°C;
- the optimal temperature regime should be within +60÷80°C;
- for open installation of water heating, it is necessary to fasten the pipes using clips, clamps or install metal channels;
- Concealed installation can be carried out in grooves, channels, baseboards. Can be covered with screens;
- if necessary, it is necessary to thermally insulate pipes that will pass through an unheated room.
Features of a water heating system
The operating principle of a water heating system is based on physical laws. The heated coolant rises, the cooled coolant descends. In other words, the best circulation of liquid in the heating system will be with a large temperature difference between the outlet and return of the coolant. The optimal difference is 25°.
To know how to properly install heating in a private home, you need to familiarize yourself with the following rules.
- The boiler must be installed 2 meters below the level of the pipe system and batteries, at the lowest point of the heating circuit;
- If necessary, the riser through which the liquid rises into the premises should be thermally insulated;
- with natural coolant circulation, the length of the pipes should be less than 30 meters;
- for a one-story building with natural coolant movement, it is necessary to perform a return with a slope;
- for multi-storey buildings it is necessary to install additional pumping equipment.
Main elements of the system
The heating system consists of a boiler, radiators and piping. During installation, it is necessary to install safety groups, control and shut-off elements, air outlet units and drainage devices. To effectively heat the upper floors of the house you need to install.
Boiler
The functionality and efficiency of heating a home depends on it. The principle of its operation is based on heating the coolant as it passes through the heating circuit. Hot flows are directed through the pipework, heating all rooms in the passage area.
long burning solid fuel boiler
Manufacturers offer equipment that runs on different types of fuel.
Boiler classification:
| Gas | Gas is the most affordable fuel, especially if it is possible to connect to a gas pipeline. Installation is permitted only by gas services. |
| Electrical | Can be used as a main device or backup. Experts advise installing boilers that operate on different types of fuel. The advantages include the affordable price of the boiler, while the disadvantages include the high cost of electricity. The installation will pay off only in small 2-3 room houses that are well insulated. |
| Solid fuel | During operation, it is necessary to periodically add fuel. For coal, the loading time is 8 hours, for firewood – 5 hours. with a combustion cycle of up to 5 days are much more expensive. |
| Diesel fuel | This is an excellent alternative to gas equipment. You can choose a model with additional gas fuel. Diesel equipment has a significant disadvantage - noisy operation. In addition, the fuel container must be protected from fire. |
long burning gas boiler
Related article:
What are their advantages and disadvantages, what is the principle of operation, what you need to pay attention to when choosing, a review of the best manufacturers and models, making it yourself - read in our material.
Pipes
- Lifetime metal products not very big. There is a possibility of corrosion. Installation is carried out on threaded connections;
- polymer pipes more reliable, they are affordable. You can install the heating yourself; it won’t cause any difficulties. Service life – up to 50 years;
- metal-plastic pipes consist of aluminum and plastic. The elements are assembled using press or threaded connections. One disadvantage of the pipeline is that under the influence of elevated temperatures or during temperature surges there is a possibility of crack formation;
- copper- the most expensive pipeline. Copper wiring has increased reliability and durability. The sections are connected using soldering.
Radiators
Negative features of the system include the need to install fittings on pipes. It acts to protect against emergency situations associated with increased coolant pressure. In addition, it is necessary to install safety valves on both sides of the circulation pump equipment.
Do-it-yourself water heating of a private house, installation diagrams and features
Before installing the heating, you should perform the calculations yourself and understand all the intricacies of the device. And after that, purchase materials for the chosen system and begin installation.
Do-it-yourself organization of a single-pipe heating system for a private house
For a one-story house, piping is carried out from the boiler throughout the entire area of the house, the batteries are connected in series. Accordingly, remote rooms will be heated less.
You should know this! It is impossible to provide for the supply of coolant to a specific device. If the radiator needs to be repaired, the heat supply to the entire house is cut off.
You can install a single-pipe heating system yourself; the diagram and installation procedure will not cause any difficulties.
DIY diagram of a two-pipe heating system in a private house
This system allows you to install two pipes for supplying cold and hot coolant with the ability to adjust the temperature on each device. Its own pipe enters and exits the battery. The second name of the circuit is parallel.
Installation of such a system requires a larger investment in the purchase of fittings and pipelines. However, its efficiency is higher. All batteries are heated at the same temperature.
It is advisable to install a two-pipe scheme in 2 or more storey buildings. Its main advantage is the ability to repair a single device without damaging all the others. It is possible to adjust the temperature of each battery, which significantly reduces heating costs. You can install the heating of a country house with your own hands, the circuit will not cause any particular difficulties.
Scheme of water heating of a two-story house
To heat a two-story house, it is important to correctly calculate the power of the system, taking into account the areas of all rooms and select the performance of the boiler and pump. Their parameters should be sufficient to heat the entire house. In this case, important characteristics are pressure loss and fluid flow.
Collector heating circuit for a one-story house with forced circulation
This is the most complex of all systems. The heated coolant is directed to collectors, which then distribute it to the batteries. It is possible to regulate the temperature not only on each circuit, but also on each radiator. To do this, you need to install the required number of thermostatic elements and shut-off valves. The main disadvantage of the system is the cost. In addition to the increased pipe footage, you also need to purchase and install collectors.
The principle of the device is as follows. A centrifugal pumping device must be inserted into the return pipe near the boiler, which will continuously supply coolant using an impeller. Such a device helps to establish a pressure with which all batteries will be heated evenly.
Features of self-installation of water heating
Do-it-yourself heating installation in a private house consists of the following steps:
- installation of boiler equipment;
- installation of batteries. The distance from the window sill should be 10 cm, from the floor - 6 cm. It is advisable to install an air valve, shut-off valve and regulator on each radiator;
- the pipeline layout should start from the boiler;
- installation of auxiliary equipment;
- connection of elements in accordance with the material and type of pipes.
metal-plastic pipes for heating
Conclusion
The choice of system must be approached thoughtfully not only from a financial point of view, but also from subsequent costs that arise during operation. The basic rule of any heating is reliable and uninterrupted operation. For this, in addition to calculations, you need to perform high-quality installation. If you are not confident in your abilities, it is better to turn to professionals.
We hope that the material will help you in planning your heating. In the article we examined all the features of installing a water heating system. Ask questions in the comments, our team will be happy to take part in discussions.
You can see the principle of a water heating system in the video.
The problem of organizing a heating system for your own home is one of the key ones during construction, reconstruction, major repairs, etc. Even when purchasing a ready-made country building, you should pay close attention to this issue. And to do this, you must have an idea of the existing types of heating systems, their advantages and disadvantages, and operational features.
Of all types of heating, water remains the leader in popularity - with pipes carrying heated liquid coolant from the boiler to radiators, convectors or underfloor heating circuits. Despite the cumbersomeness of such a system and the scale of work during its creation, there is no real alternative yet, if assessed by the joint criteria of “affordability - efficiency - cost-effectiveness”. Well, among all the water systems, the simplest to implement is the single-pipe one. How to plan and install a single-pipe heating system for a private house with your own hands will be discussed in this publication.
What makes a single-pipe heating system different?
The main feature of a single-pipe heating system is probably immediately clear from the name itself.
The circulation of the coolant here is organized through one main pipe, which forms a ring that begins and ends in the heating boiler. All heating radiators are connected in series or in parallel to this pipe.
It is not at all difficult to distinguish externally a single-pipe and a two-pipe system, even just by looking at the heating radiator.
Despite the difference in connecting the radiators, this is all a one-pipe system
Despite the variety of battery connection options shown in the figure, all this refers to single-pipe wiring. Options “a” and “b” show the sequential placement of radiators - the pipe seems to pass through them. In options “c” and “d” the batteries are placed parallel to the pipe. But in any case, both the input and output of any radiator “rely” on one common line.
For clarity, to make it easier to understand, we present a two-pipe wiring diagram:
Always, with any battery insertion scheme, the entrance to it comes from the supply line, and the output is closed to the “return” pipe.
Read more about what it is in a special article on our portal.
Even someone inexperienced in matters of creating a heating system will most likely immediately understand the main disadvantage of a single-pipe scheme. The coolant heated in the boiler, passing sequentially through the radiators located, cools down, and in each subsequent battery its temperature is lower. This difference will be especially noticeable if you compare the first heat exchange point, located closest to the boiler room, with the very last one in the “chain”.
There are certain methods that make it possible to neutralize this disadvantage to a certain extent - they will be discussed below.
Advantages of a one-pipe system
Be that as it may, the single-pipe heating system is quite popular due to its advantages:
- Such wiring requires a minimum amount of material - (we can safely say about 30 - 40% savings on pipes).
- Based on the first point, the scale of installation work carried out is significantly smaller.
- The wiring diagram is simple, and therefore most owners who have certain skills in plumbing work can cope with the task of self-installation.
- The single-pipe system is extremely reliable - once correctly installed and adjusted, it will not require intervention in its operation for many years. This does not require any complex adjustment units or equipment.
- Such a system is quite universal, and if desired, it can be installed both in a one-story house and on several levels, naturally, slightly changing the required equipment and adapting the connection diagram.
One pipe runs along the floor surface - it is not too conspicuous and is easy to decorate
- The main pipe always runs along the floor (except options with risers that will be discussed below). This arrangement makes it possible to decorate the pipe without special costs, for example, by covering it, after appropriate thermal insulation, with a finishing floor covering. And, in the end, one low-lying pipe is not so conspicuous, and it is always easier to hide it than two.
Disadvantages of a single-pipe heating scheme
Single-pipe heating systems were actively used on an industrial scale, in the construction of residential and public buildings. The builders were probably fully satisfied with the ease of installation and cost-effectiveness in terms of material consumption, so the shortcomings of the system faded into the background. But in private construction, the “disadvantages” of a single-pipe system will have to be known and taken into account, since they are quite significant.
- The main thing has already been mentioned - in the most simplified form of wiring, it is impossible to achieve equality of coolant temperatures in all batteries of the circuit. One of the solutions is to gradually increase the number of sections from room to room as you move away from the boiler, in order to achieve equal heat transfer by increasing the active heat exchange area. But at the same time, of course, it will be difficult to talk about saving on materials - radiators can cost much more than pipes.
There are other ways to equalize the temperature - we will discuss them below.
- If you are planning a heating system with natural circulation, you may encounter difficulties in meeting the mandatory required pipe slope. With a single-pipe system, the main line is located along the floor, and if the room is quite spacious, or the perimeter of the building is long, then it is sometimes simply impossible to cope with such a task.
Conclusion - a single-pipe system with natural circulation is suitable only for compact buildings. Otherwise, the installation of a circulation pump will become mandatory. However, people now try to install a pump whenever possible, and many modern heating boilers already have a built-in circulation unit.
- A single-pipe system completely eliminates the insertion of “warm floor” circuits into it, in addition to heating radiators. If in the future the owners plan to organize water floor heating in any of the rooms, then it is better to immediately install a two-pipe system.
Read more about this in a special article on our portal:
Wiring diagrams for a single-pipe heating system
The general contour of a single-pipe system is most often located along the external walls of the house and runs parallel to the floor (or with the necessary slope). But the scheme for including heating radiators in this circuit may vary. Let's consider the possible options - from the simplest to the more complex and effective.
Since the basic diagram of pipe routing and general equipment does not change, the general numbering of nodes will be preserved from drawing to drawing, indicating only newly appeared elements.
You might be interested in information about how the heating system works
The simplest scheme
A. The simplest single-pipe wiring systems:
The numbers in the diagram show:
1- heating boiler. The main supply pipe goes up from the boiler (item 2). The diagram shows a version of a single-pipe open-type heating system, therefore an expansion tank is mounted at the highest point of the wiring (item 3).
Prices for different types of heating boilers
heating boilers
If the system operates on the principle of natural circulation, then a starting section is required for single-pipe distribution - the so-called "acceleration collector"(pos. 4). It will prevent stagnation of the coolant in the system and will give an additional impulse to the circulation of liquid through the pipes. The height of this accelerating collector above the first radiator (h 1) is at least one and a half meters.
The heating radiators themselves (item 5) in the simplest circuit are installed in series with the lower input and output connections on opposite sides. It is clear that when laying a pipe to ensure natural circulation, a slope is observed (shown by brown arrows). Moreover, the excess of the last radiator in the chain above the heating boiler (h 2) must be observed. The larger this value, the better, which is why boiler rooms are often located in basement rooms or artificially recessed floors are made at the installation site of the device. The maximum permissible value of h is 2 – 3 meters.
To avoid all these difficulties, the optimal solution would be to install a pump unit (item 6). It includes the pump itself (item 7), a bypass (jumper) and a valve system (item 8) that allow, if necessary, switching from forced circulation to natural (for example, if power outages are not uncommon in the area of construction).
It is necessary to provide for one more point - the possibility of releasing air pockets that can accumulate at the top point of the radiators. To do this, place on the batteries air vents(pos. 9).
On the left is the Mayevsky crane. On the right is an automatic air vent
They can be Mayevsky taps, which are periodically unscrewed to allow air to escape. A more expensive option is automatic air vents that do not require human intervention.
Prices for Mayevsky crane
Mayevsky tap 1/2
This radiator connection scheme is the most primitive, since all the shortcomings of a single-pipe system are reflected to the maximum extent in it. The last radiators in the circuit will always be significantly colder than the first.
B. The following diagram provides only one improvement - the radiators are connected diagonally (shown by purple arrows).
This passage of coolant through the battery contributes to maximum thermal energy transfer and more uniform heating of all sections. But the temperature difference in the first and last radiator will obviously be even higher. In addition, such a scheme for inserting batteries significantly reduces the possibility of natural coolant circulation, and with a long overall circuit it will become impossible altogether. This means that it will not be possible to do without a circulation unit.
IN. For such wiring, an open or closed type system with forced circulation is more suitable. The diagram below shows an option with a sealed expansion tank.
In this case, the pump is embedded directly into the main pipe (although the previously indicated wiring diagram may remain the same). The main difference is a membrane-type expansion tank (item 10), which is usually installed on the “return” not far from the boiler (there is no regulation here - the optimal location in terms of layout and ease of use is selected). And the second mandatory element is the “safety group” (item 11), consisting of a safety valve designed for a certain value of the maximum pressure in the system, automatic air vent and a visual control device - a pressure gauge.
“Security group” assembled in one building
In the future, when considering the diagrams, only a closed system with forced circulation will be shown. This is done only to avoid overloading the drawings with lines. But in general, the home owner has the same choice - a closed or open expansion tank, and the circulation is natural, forced or combined.
All three of the above schemes have one common important drawback. It lies in the fact that if any of the radiators fails and is urgently dismantled, the system becomes temporarily completely inoperable, since the circuit is broken.
Therefore, if the decision has already been made to install a single-pipe heating system, then the optimal choice will be the “Leningrad” one, which allows you to avoid many of the characteristic shortcomings and provides more opportunities in terms of adjustments.
You might be interested in information about what types of
A modernized version of the single-pipe heating system - “Leningradka”
Where this established name, “Leningradka” came from, is not known for certain. Perhaps it is in Northern capital Research institute specialists developed technical regulations for such a heating system. It is possible that when large-scale residential construction began in the country, some Leningrad construction organizations were the first to put such a scheme on stream. Be that as it may, it was the “Leningradka” that was designed for mass construction, both low-rise and high-rise, and its design, while being economical in terms of material consumption and ease of installation, allows for quite efficient use of thermal energy in large heating circuits .
The main difference between the Leningradka is that the input and output on each of the radiators are connected by a jumper - a bypass. Or another option - branches are made from the main pipe to the inlet and outlet of each battery.
Bypass prices
The schematic diagram of the Leningradka is shown in the figure:
Basic diagram of a single-pipe system - “Leningradka”
The presence of a bypass (item 12) makes it possible to distribute heat more evenly across radiators at varying distances from the heating boiler. Even if the coolant flow through any battery is interrupted (for example, a blockage occurs or an air lock forms), the system will still be operational.
The presented diagram shows the simplest version of the “Leningradka”, without equipping it with any adjustment devices. It was often used before, and experienced craftsmen already knew what approximately the bypass diameter is required on a particular battery in order to equalize the temperature at all points to the maximum extent. Thus, a completely insignificant increase in the number of pipes makes it possible to reduce the total number of battery sections in rooms remote from the boiler room.
You might be interested in information about how it works and how it works.
The same option, but with diagonal insertion of batteries, improving their overall heat transfer:
But that's not all. Firstly, it is very difficult to independently calculate the diameter of the jumper for each battery. And secondly, such a scheme does not yet provide for the possibility of dismantling any individual radiator without breaking the closure of the overall circuit. Therefore, it is best to use a modernized modification of the Leningradka:
Modernized circuit - with taps and control valves
In this option, each radiator is surrounded on both sides by taps (item 13). At any time, you can “cut off” the battery from the common pipe - for example, when the room for some reason does not temporarily need heating, or if there is a need for dismantling for repair or replacement. The operation of the system will not be disrupted in any way.
These taps, by and large, can be used to regulate the heating of a specific radiator, increasing or decreasing the coolant current.
But it would be more reasonable to install ball valves here, which are designed primarily to operate in two positions - “open” or “closed”. And for adjustment, a needle balancing valve mounted on the bypass (item 14) will serve.
The same diagram - with a diagonal connection:
And here is a similar connection in the photo:
The radiator is connected to the Leningradka
- Blue arrows – shut-off ball valves at the inlet and outlet of the radiator.
- Green arrow – balancing valve.
Such a modernized “Leningradka” system makes it possible, if necessary, to install the system not as a single looped circuit, but with dedicated sections - branches. For example, this way you can organize wiring in a two-story building, or in a house that has “wings” or side extensions.
"Leningradka" with an additional branch circuit
In this case, a branch is made from the main pipe (item 16), going to an additional heating circuit, and a tie-in into the return pipe (item 17). And on the “return” of the additional circuit (pos. 15), it is advisable to install another needle control valve (pos. 18), with the help of which you can achieve a balanced joint operation of both branches.
For a two-story house, another option is possible. If the layout of the premises is generally the same, then it would be rational to use a system of vertical risers.
19 – interfloor covering.
20 – supply pipe from the boiler.
21 – return pipe.
22 – risers, which include radiators according to the “Leningrad” scheme with an adjustable bypass.
There is, however, one interesting point here. Each drain itself is organized according to the principle of a single-pipe system (highlighted in green). But if we consider the system as a whole, then the risers are already included in the two-pipe system - each of them is connected in parallel to the supply pipe and to the return pipe (highlighted in brown). Thus, there is a harmonious combination of the advantages of both systems.
Video: Leningradka heating system
You may be interested in information about what they are
Planning your heating system
When conducting pre-planning Any heating system must take into account many nuances that directly affect its efficiency. It is very important to correctly select the main elements - boiler, radiators, pipes for creating circuits, expansion tank, circulation pump. Ideally, such a calculation should be entrusted to specialists. But knowing the basics and being able to navigate such issues will never be superfluous.
What kind of boiler will you need?
The main requirement for the boiler: its thermal power must fully ensure the efficiency of the heating system - maintain the required temperature in all heated rooms and completely replenish the inevitable heat losses.
This publication will not dwell on the types of heating boilers. Each homeowner makes an individual decision - based on the availability and cost of energy resources, the presence or absence of boiler room equipment, fuel storage, taking into account their financial capabilities to purchase this or that equipment.
But the boiler power is a general parameter without which it is impossible to create a rational and efficient heating system.
You can find a lot of recommendations for the simplest independent calculation of the required power. As a rule, it is recommended to proceed from a ratio of 100 W per 1 m² of house area. However, this approach gives only an approximate value. Agree that neither the difference in the climatic conditions of the region nor the features of the premises are taken into account here. Therefore, we suggest using a more accurate method.
To begin, make a small table in which you indicate all the rooms of your home and their parameters. Surely, every owner has a building plan, and, knowing the features of his “possessions,” he will spend very little time filling out such a table. An example is given below:
| room | area, sq. m | external or balcony door | external walls, number, where they look | windows, quantity and type | window size | required for heating, kW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL: | 18.7 kW | |||||
| hallway | 6 | 1 | 1, C | - | - | 2.01 |
| kitchen | 11 | - | 1, V | 2, double glazing | 120×90 cm | 1.44 |
| living room | 18 | 1 | 2, S.W. | 2, double glazing | 150×100 cm | 3.35 |
| bedroom | 12 | - | 1, V | 1, double glazing | 120×90 cm | 1.4 |
| children's | 14 | - | 1, W | 1, double glazing | 120×90 cm | 1.49 |
| so on throughout all rooms | … |
Now that the data is prepared, go to the calculator below and calculate the heat energy requirement for each room and enter it into the table - it’s very simple. All that remains is to sum up all the values.
Calculator for calculating the required thermal power
A schematic diagram of a heating system is the simplest diagram with which you can quickly and inexpensively install a high-quality and durable heating system. But when implementing a project, you should know several important rules and features, without which you simply will not cope with the task.
So, any circuit diagram consists of boilers and pipes (in the article we will talk about autonomous systems). The operating principle of this scheme is as follows: the coolant is heated in the boiler and, using a circulation pump, is supplied through a pipeline to the heating radiators. Having given off heat to the room, the coolant returns through the return circuit to the boiler and everything repeats. It turns out that the simplest scheme is based on cyclic processes.
This is a well-planned heating scheme for one of the private houses
Heating schemes
Water heating system
Water heating is the most common option for heating rooms of any type. In most cases, the role of the coolant here is played by water, which is supplied from the boiler to the heating radiators.
In general, experts distinguish between two types of water systems:
- With natural circulation of water (when pressure is formed in the circuit itself);
- With forced circulation (water enters the pipes and radiators using a circulation pump).
Any schematic diagram must have:
- Heating boiler (any type);
- Main riser;
- Return riser;
- Pipeline;
- Return pipeline;
- Radiators.
So, today the following basic heating schemes are known:
- With bottom and top wiring method;
- With horizontal wiring;
- Single-pipe;
- Two-pipe.
Upper wiring
Upper wiring option
In this scheme, the coolant is heated in the boiler and, due to its density, rises through the riser into the heating expansion tank.
Attention! This scheme provides for the location of the expansion tank at the highest point of the heating system.
Next, through the pipeline (which, by the way, should run at a slight slope), the coolant enters the hot risers. These risers stretch from the top floor of the house to the first and run along the entire height of the building. The waste coolant, in turn, is simply displaced by hot water and returns to the heating boiler through the pipes via the “return”. To regulate the level of hot water supply at the outlet of the radiators, special shut-off valves are installed.
Bottom wiring
Water heating system with bottom wiring option
A system with bottom wiring has a main (supply) pipeline that supplies coolant to all other risers below the level of living quarters. As for the return risers, they are connected to a common “return” pipe located even lower.
Note! This scheme contains in its structure an overhead line located at the top.
With its help, all accumulated air in the radiators is automatically removed, which in turn is discharged through the expansion tank.
Two-pipe systems
Two-pipe system with bottom wiring option
In any two-pipe scheme, both with upper and lower wiring, the heated water rises up and enters the radiators through the pipeline, where it cools over time and becomes heavier. Through the return risers, the cooled coolant flows into the return pipeline and returns to the boiler. Cold water has greater density and mass than hot water and thus displaces it into the pipeline itself, creating natural circulation even without a pump.
Single pipe systems
Single-pipe system with top distribution
At its core, this is the simplest circuit (see photo), which even an inexperienced person can make and install with their own hands. It differs from a two-pipe system in that, having given up its heat on the upper floor, less is transferred to the lower one. It turns out that the coolant gradually cools as it passes floor by floor and it turns out that the residents of the first floor receive the least amount of heat. To ensure that residents of the lower floors simply did not freeze, engineers added additional sections to the heating radiators for residents of the lower floors.
Also, the problem can be partially solved by installing special jumpers on each radiator. With jumpers, some of the hot water goes to the floor below without cooling.
It should also be noted that the main riser in a single-pipe system must be protected as reliably as possible from heat loss. Otherwise, the system will lose not only heat, but also water pressure power, which will negatively affect the heating of the house as a whole.
As for the return line, it is the other way around - it cannot be isolated under any circumstances! This is due to the fact that colder water has more weight and, accordingly, displacing hot water, creates a stronger pressure.
Single-pipe circuits with horizontal flow system
Single-pipe scheme with horizontal flow system
This scheme is attractive because all radiators on the floor are connected in one line. The main advantage of such a system is ease of installation. Also, you will need significantly fewer pipes and risers.
If we talk about the disadvantages, the main one is the tendency of such a system to cause air locks. This problem can only be solved by installing automatic air release valves (Mayevsky valves).
Note! For those who don’t know, the schematic diagrams do not contain any measuring characteristics, but only show what is connected to what and shows the approximate “piping” of the house.
Circulation methods - which one to choose
Forced and natural circulation
Now, as for the circulation method, which scheme should I choose? Natural or forced?
As for the natural circulation of the coolant, there are, perhaps, more disadvantages than advantages.
- Natural circulation cannot be automatically regulated;
- To equip it, pipes with a large diameter are required, the price of which is noticeably higher;
- They do not look very aesthetically pleasing in the interior;
- You can only adjust this system with your own hands - in the boiler you can only increase the flame when it’s cold, or vice versa, reduce it when it gets hot.
If you live in regions where unexpected power outages are common, then these systems are ideal for you.
This diagram does not provide for any additional (electrical) devices and devices:
- Security group devices;
- Bypass valves;
- Electrical temperature sensors;
- Fuel regulators, etc.
- Another disadvantage of this scheme is the significantly larger amount of fuel consumed during the heating season.
As for the advantages, this is essentially the most reliable scheme that can last up to 40 years without repair! It is extremely reliable and does not depend on any voltage surges. In general, apart from the boiler, there is basically nothing to break in it.
Two-pipe heating system
Forced circulation is convenient and comfortable for residents of those regions that do not suffer from power surges. In this case, the system is regulated both manually and automatically - for each room you can set a personal temperature, exclusively for your needs.
But automatic systems have their drawbacks - not every local installer will be able to install a complex circuit with all the sensors and complex connections you need, and hiring an out-of-town specialist is quite expensive.
Also, at its core, this system is very delicate and will not work for a long time in a house where there are power outages.
Summarize
Having considered all the options, it will be easier for you to make a decision and make the truly right choice based on your living and financial conditions. We have detailed video instructions that will cover all the issues in more detail and help you understand the intricacies of circuit diagrams.
The price of equipment varies, so there is no clear opinion and cost here - each boiler and each circuit requires an individual calculation, but it should be said right away that it will cost you a pretty penny. Good luck!
Page 2
For people who have known all the delights of such a subject as drawing, the concept of axonometry will not cause much difficulty; for people who have not known this “golden period” of schooling, we explain the meaning of this word. It is of Greek origin and means the graphic display of objects using parallel projections.
This is done quite simply; a reference point and image scale are selected in three-dimensional space, after which the entire drawing or diagram is transferred to the plane. As a result, we have a complete graphic image of the entire object or system of objects. Heating axonometry is nothing more than a graphical representation of all components, assemblies, pipes, locking equipment and other components of this system, indicating the main parameters for each product.
Axonometric photo of the heating system.
Both simple and complex
Everything complex individually is very simple.
Without prevarication, I would like to note that for all the apparent simplicity of this event, the axonometric heating diagram is not exactly a simple thing. Here it is necessary to take into account a lot of factors, and some must be calculated. Therefore, immediately the first piece of advice.
Advice! For multi-storey and apartment buildings, this documentation, including diagrams, is compiled by appropriate specialists.
For owners of private houses and owners of country houses who want to carry out heating with their own hands, the proposed instructions will certainly be useful, but consultation with a specialist will be no less useful.
Therefore, before drawing the entire system on paper or in a computer image, let's do some calculations.
Let's start with boilers
This is where it all begins.
It’s no secret that no matter how beautifully advertising describes all the delights of this or that heating equipment, there are main heating devices and auxiliary ones. Of course, you can’t heat a house with oil heating radiators, and heated floors are considered more in terms of comfort than heating a home, so we focus on the boiler, the heart of the home heating system.
And let's start considering the calculations with the already calculated coefficients for different climatic zones.
The specific design power of the boiler W will be:
- For regions of the far north and equivalent areas – 1.5 – 2.0 kW;
- For areas with a temperate climate and central regions – 1.2 – 1.5 kW;
- For southern regions – 0.7 – 0.9 kW.
Based on these coefficients, it is already possible to calculate the boiler power using a fairly simple formula: W boiler = S*W / 10, where W is the design power indicated above, and S is the total area of the room in your home.
Note! For clarity, we provide a calculation of the boiler power for housing of 180 square meters in the southern regions of the country W boiler = S * W / 10 = 180 * 0.9/10 = 16.2 kW
A few words about pumps
We tell them about pumps, and they tell us about circuits.
In boilers and heating systems, these indispensable helpers will definitely have their say; it is with their help that all circulating fluid is pumped through the system. Is it possible to do without them? In principle, it is possible if the house is one-story, with a small total area (saving on pumps is more typical for systems of small country houses). For everyone else, pumps are required.
Moreover, modern pumps have a number of mandatory requirements, namely:
- Pumps must be easy to operate, as well as easy to install and, if necessary, dismantle;
- An important factor is noiselessness;
- These products must consume a minimum amount of electricity;
- Pumps must be reliable with a long service life.
For your information! If the pump is not installed in the boiler, then it can be installed on the return, which is a supply rather than a discharge system.
This is how you can extend the life of the product by reducing its interaction with hot water.
When making calculations, pay attention
By and large, we pay attention to everything.
But now the most interesting part begins, because it is the most painstaking part. These works require very careful calculations before the entire scheme falls on paper.
An axonometric diagram of the heating system will be drawn up based on:
- Determining the heat demand of each heated room;
- Determining the number and types of radiators for heating and after fitting them into real conditions, and then into the diagram;
- Decisions regarding the entire heating system, which includes the presence or absence of risers, calculation of the number of required branches and circuits, the order of connecting heaters (radiator batteries);
- Carrying out calculations for pipes, namely: diameter, quantity, shut-off valves, thermostats, pressure regulators in the system (if they are not provided in the boiler);
- After all calculations have been carried out, the data is transferred to the diagram. In addition to the graphical representation, this diagram also indicates the technical characteristics of boilers, pumps, pipes, radiators, as well as all calculations for heating each room.
It is important to know! When drawing up an axonometric diagram, a mandatory step is to determine the main circulation ring, which displays the entire path of movement of the heater from the heating source (boiler) to the farthest element, as well as the return route.
Heating systems
Different systems - different graphics.
In private houses there can be three heating systems:
- The heating system is two-pipe. This is a classic system in which hot water is supplied through one pipe, and waste (cooled water) is returned to the boiler through a common return. In this case, the pump is installed on the return pipe;
- Vertical heating system. This system is not much different from the previous one, the pump is installed in the outlet pipe and accelerates hot water, the heat first enters the upper levels and then passes to the lower levels;
- Single pipe heating system. In this scheme, the heater passes from one battery to another and returns to the boiler; the scheme is typical for one-story buildings.
Finally
Heating systems, despite their apparent simplicity, require certain knowledge and skills. Therefore, if the assembly can be carried out independently according to the proposed installation diagrams, then it is better to entrust the diagram and calculations to specialists. Otherwise, the cost of error will be high. Traditional video will help you visualize this problem and make the right decision.
Page 3
Every owner does everything to ensure that his home has enough comfort, warmth and coziness. Especially if it is a country house, a cottage or just a small dacha. The fact is that this is not a comfortable apartment located in city blocks, you can remember about Khrushchev apartments and where utility services do everything.
In the case of a private house, questions arise related to thinking through communications, how to come up with a scheme for installing a heating system, as well as water supply and sewerage. This is all the responsibility of the owner and should be done at the stage when the house is still being designed.
Heating design
In the case of an already built house, installation of communications is associated with serious problems, both financial and organizational. Heating can, of course, be installed, but not all heating system schemes can be implemented.
Secondly, as a result, the interior of the house may ultimately change significantly. When engineering communications are thought through when designing a house, aesthetics are not compromised and, if necessary, access to all systems will be free for their maintenance.
Residential building heating
Photo of batteries under the window
The choice of a heating system layout and the associated hot water supply is one of the most important tasks that must be solved when arranging a private home. The most common is heating that uses natural and forced circulation of the coolant, and when laying pipes, one-pipe, two-pipe, radial and “Leningrad” schemes are used.
Connecting pipe material
When creating heating, pipes are used, which are made from various materials.
Pipes can be simply steel, galvanized, stainless steel, copper, polymer, including metal-plastic, polyethylene, polypropylene reinforced with aluminum.
- Iron has a significant drawback - poor corrosion resistance. Pipes made of stainless steel or galvanized, on the contrary, do not corrode; they are installed using threaded connections. Installation of such a pipeline requires certain qualifications and experience. Currently, when metal-plastic and polypropylene are on the market, steel is practically not used.
Iron pipes for heating
- Copper pipes - their advantage is their ability to withstand high temperatures and high pressure, durability and reliability. Copper pipes are connected using high-temperature soldering using solder that contains silver. Highways are camouflaged in the walls during finishing work. Working with them requires very high professionalism. Copper pipes are most often used in exclusive construction because they have a very high price.
Copper for heating
- Polymer pipes - the material for them is polyethylene or polypropylene. Very convenient and easy to install. Such pipes are durable, resistant to corrosion, and have a smooth inner surface that prevents the deposition of mineral salts.
Polypropylene for heating
- Metal-plastic - consists of two layers of plastic separated by a layer of aluminum.
Metal-plastic for heating
Installation of metal-plastic is carried out using threaded connections, without welding. Press connections can also be used, resulting in a significant reduction in installation costs.
The disadvantage of such heating pipes is that they have a high coefficient of thermal expansion. Simply put, if cold water is connected immediately after hot water, the connections may begin to leak.
Attention: It is highly undesirable to even temporarily stop the boiler operation during the heating period and defrost the heating. Due to a sufficiently strong change in linear dimensions, the pipeline may be damaged at the joints.
Another reason for the appearance of a leak may be the bend of the pipe at a decent angle, be it straight or even sharper. This happens because the aluminum layer may crack.
Coolant circulation methods
The main difference between the layout of heating systems is the organization of coolant movement through a heating circuit or several circuits. Natural and forced circulation of fluid along the circuit are distinguished.
Scheme of natural coolant circulation
Such heating ensures that the coolant will move along the circuit as a result of thermal expansion. The coolant, heating up in the heating boiler, rises because, having a lower density, it is displaced by colder coolant coming from the reverse part.
The displaced hot coolant, after rising along the riser, moves along highways that have a slight slope of 3-5 degrees.
Example of a natural circulation pattern
The heating system circuit, in which natural circulation is implemented, is implemented very simply; it is not connected to any other communications.
Attention: This system can be used for heating small houses. It is effective only if the circuit has a total length of no more than 30 meters.
Scheme of forced coolant circulation
In this system, the coolant moves due to the fact that there is a pressure difference in the forward and reverse parts of the circuit. And this pressure difference is created by a specially used heating circulation pump.
Example of a forced circulation circuit
This scheme has no restrictions in application, but performance is determined by the circulation pump, its power and power supply.
Heating circuits determined by piping
The difference between these heating systems lies in the principles of connecting heating devices to the boiler. This can be a serial or single-pipe connection, parallel or two-pipe and radial, or collector.
Sequential heating system
In a heating system with one pipe, the hot coolant enters all heating devices in order, releasing part of the heat in each. Such installation diagrams of heating systems are the simplest, and their implementation requires the least number of components and materials.
Single pipe system
The main disadvantage of such a system is that the amount of heat released decreases depending on the distance from the boiler.
Heating diagram with two pipes
In this heating system, two pipes are connected to each heating device - with hot coolant, direct, and with cold coolant, return. The system has undoubted advantages, but they are “paid for” by a double set of pipes laid in the house.
Two-pipe system
Radiant heating system
This system differs from the others in that a separate pair of pipes is laid to each heating device - both direct and reverse current. They then converge near the boiler on special combs. The total length of the pipes is longer than in a two-pipe system.
No connections are made in these pipes and balancing is carried out before putting it into operation. That is, they adjust the coolant flow for each loop separately.
Collector system
Leningradka
Such a system solves issues related to the regulation of heat transfer for each heating device in a system with one pipe. Each battery has a shut-off valve and with its help the coolant flow through it is regulated.
In addition, a shunt is made in the form of a bypass pipe with a smaller diameter. This shunt ensures fluid circulation even if the taps on the battery are completely closed.
Leningradka
Heating system installation
Currently, the market presents various materials, and therefore various schemes for installing a heating system with your own hands can be implemented. It is quite possible that you will not need any professional skills and abilities. All you need is patience and consistency in performing certain operations.
Attention: The connection of the heating boiler to the gas main must be carried out by specialists who have special permission and appropriate qualifications for this purpose. The fact is that the very fact of such a connection is registered by the relevant services and independent connection is unacceptable.
Below are instructions according to which you can install heating in a private house:
- Heating installation begins with the choice of the scheme that will be implemented. And in turn, the scheme is determined both by financial capabilities and by the characteristics of the house in which the heating is installed.
Advice: When choosing a scheme, consult with specialists who will tell you the most practical option suitable specifically for your case.
- After you have chosen a scheme, make a list of the necessary equipment and materials that require a certain supply and go to a specialized store.
- First of all, the heating boiler is installed according to the rules described in the operating instructions.
Boiler room: boiler and all necessary appliances
- Heating devices of appropriate power and size are installed in the required places.
Batteries under the window
- A pipeline is drawn to each device according to the selected diagram.
Wiring pipes to batteries
Attention: Be sure to include a circulation pump in the circuit, then the coolant will always move through the system. Do not forget about devices that monitor the pressure and temperature of the coolant.
Tip: Choose pipes made from this material to avoid welding when connecting them. Because these jobs require professional skills or hiring an appropriate specialist.
- Perform a test run and check the system for leaks.
Conclusion
Heating a private home is a serious task that can be solved independently, but still, it cannot be done without consultation with specialists. In the video presented in this article you will find additional information on this topic.
Page 4
The heating system of any building serves to provide a cozy and comfortable atmosphere so that residents can live without any problems. Previously, an ordinary Russian stove served for these purposes. But it has been replaced by newer technologies and equipment, making it easy to install heating systems with your own hands in a house, apartment or country house.
If you follow the rules and instructions, you can achieve good results and get a high-quality heating system.
Schematic arrangement of the main components of the heating system
Modern tools, technologies and building materials help achieve the most efficient, economical and affordable heating systems that will last for a long time.
In addition, you can find a lot of heating equipment and devices on the market; their range is suitable for various types of buildings and can serve as both a backup source of heating and the main one.
When installing heating systems of varying complexity, the influence of many factors should be taken into account.
Let's say you live in the city of Miass, so you must take into account the realities that will affect the choice of equipment for your heating system:
- The choice of fuel, or rather its availability. The ideal choice is gas-powered equipment, but if this fuel is not available, then you need to think about an alternative, for example, wood, coal or electricity;
- Thermal conductivity of building envelopes. This item considers the quality of thermal insulation of the walls, floors, and roof of your building. The higher the quality of insulation, the more economical the heating system will be;
Important. If your home has poor thermal insulation, then do not worry, now there are a large variety of materials that can be used to insulate the outside of your home. It is not recommended to carry out such work yourself, because you may break the technology.
- Building area. The power of the heating equipment, as well as the number of batteries, pipelines and other elements will depend on it;
- The climatic region in which the building is located. Based on these data, the maximum winter temperature is taken for calculations; this is a very important parameter.
In order for the installation of the heating system, its operating time and the quality of the services received to be optimal, it is necessary to carefully consider all of the above factors.
Features and design
Before you start installing a heating system with your own hands and buying the components of the circuit, you must understand what home heating is, what components and components it consists of, as well as how to carry out the installation yourself conveniently and quickly.
Photos of components, parts and assemblies of the heat supply system
Without exception, most heating systems use energy to heat a building, which can be either electric or obtained through the combustion of various fuels: gas, coal, liquid fuel.
To transfer heat from the boiler to the heating radiators located in the room, various coolants are used. The most common are water, steam, antifreeze or air. Before starting work, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with documents such as SNiP for the installation of a heating system and operating instructions for heating installations.
Components of the heating system
- Source of heat. Usually this is a boiler; its task is to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into thermal energy. The performance of the equipment and the fact how well the heating system will work, as well as its financial efficiency and durability, depend on correct calculation and selection;
- Pipeline piping. Without these elements, the entire heating operation is impossible, because they perform one of the main functions - transporting the coolant from the heat generator to the heating devices. Pipes are made from a variety of materials, for example, polypropylene, metal, copper and others. In addition to the material, pipes can have different diameters and wall thicknesses;
- Heating appliances. The coolant enters these nodes and transfers heat to the air in the room. There are many battery models on the heating equipment market; they have different shapes and materials (steel, bimetal, aluminum, cast iron, etc.) Vacuum radiators have become especially popular lately.
Gas generator for autonomous heating system
It is worth paying attention that the choice of heating batteries is influenced by the design features, financial capabilities and personal preferences.
Types of heating boilers
Let's figure out how to properly install a heating system and choose a reliable boiler with the right parameters.
Many experts compare the heat source to the human heart because they have similar functions. A person cannot live without a heart, just like a heating system cannot live without a boiler.
All boilers have the same purpose - to produce heat; the differences appear only in the fuel they operate on.
We suggest considering the main types of boilers:
- Electric boilers. Heating of water for heat supply occurs in these units due to the electric current that passes through the heating elements. They, in turn, heat up and heat the water. The convenience of using such equipment lies in the fact that they do not need a chimney and do not require combustion air, and they also have high power. The electric boilers currently produced have high power and are able to heat large volumes of coolant with minimal electricity consumption, therefore the price per gigacalorie will be quite attractive. In addition, there is no need to create a separate room - a boiler room; such a device can be installed in the kitchen or bathroom;
The boiler room is the heart of the heating system
- Gas boilers. The operation of this equipment is based on obtaining heat from the combustion of natural gas. It should be noted that such equipment today is the most productive, economical and easy to operate, and this is taking into account the constant rise in gas prices. Such heat sources operating on natural gas require the mandatory installation of exhaust devices and a chimney. Timely maintenance of generators is of great importance because gas is an explosive substance.
The range of such products is quite wide and can offer you both single-circuit and double-circuit boilers. The former work only for heating, and the latter for heating and hot water supply needs;
- Solid fuel units. Such heating boilers are most in demand among owners of private houses, cottages and summer cottages. It must be said that such equipment stands out for its functionality, simplicity and high efficiency (pyrolysis devices). Such equipment can operate on industrial waste, peat, sawdust, and coal. Models are available that can also operate on backup fuel, such as electricity;
Coolant distribution diagram
- Liquid fuel boilers. Such equipment is designed to operate on gasoline or diesel fuel. Quite often, such equipment is used to burn waste oil and quite successfully. High productivity and many mechanisms for implementing work are significant advantages. The disadvantage is the periodic purchase of fuel and possible unpleasant odors.
Important. If you decide to use the services of special companies, then carefully study the contract for installation of the heating system, especially the clauses on delays and poor-quality installation.
Heating pipes
Installation and creation of any heating systems can be carried out using various types of pipes. The heating equipment market is ready to offer a large selection of products in this category. Each product has its own unique characteristics and features.
Important! If you are reconstructing the heating system, then an important stage of the work will be dismantling the heating system and coordinating the work with neighbors and housing offices.
We suggest considering the most popular types:
- Copper pipelines. Their main advantage is high thermal conductivity and resistance to coolant quality; for such elements it is not necessary to use chemical water treatment. Such pipes are connected using threaded connections or gas welding. At these stages of work, the heating system installation technology must be strictly followed in order to avoid “holes” in the system;
Table for selecting boiler power depending on area
- Steel pipes. They have high strength and reliability, but are highly susceptible to oxygen that enters the system. This type of pipe is not expensive and is accessible to everyone. During installation you will need a welding machine and a grinder;
- Metal-plastic. For the manufacture of these pipes, combined materials are used: aluminum, plastic, polypropylene. They are flexible, light and durable, not afraid of corrosion and water hammer;
Electric boiler in the apartment
- Polypropylene pipes for heating systems. They are distinguished by simple and quick installation, long service life and high popularity among consumers. Easy to install, durable and affordable pipes, which are very popular among consumers today.
Conclusion
Installing a heating system is a simple and affordable process. In this article we examined the main issues related to creating high-quality heating. In the video presented in this article you will find additional information on this topic.
otoplenie-gid.ru
Heating schemes for a two-story private house
A heating diagram is a graphic document on which all elements of the heating system, as well as the connections between them, are represented using symbols. Choosing a diagram means choosing a method for connecting heating devices, their location, as well as choosing the direction of movement of the coolant.
In a small private house, you can develop a heating scheme yourself. To do this, you need to know that any heating system is closed. In its primitive form, it can be presented in the form of a ring of pipes through which hot water (coolant) moves from the boiler, enters the heating devices, lingers in them for some time, releasing reserves of thermal energy to the environment, and then enters the boiler again . Then the cycle repeats.
It is said that water, also called coolant, circulates along the heating system circuit, which includes the following components:
- Boiler
- Radiators (batteries)
- Connecting pipes
- Expansion tank
- Valves and gate valves
- Circulation pump (only for systems with forced circulation of coolant)
The movement of coolant in the heating circuit can be:
- Gravity flow, occurring due to natural convection. In this case, they talk about a gravity heating system and natural coolant circulation
- Forced, occurring due to the operation of the circulation pump. In this case, they talk about a heating system with forced circulation of coolant
Pros and cons of gravity heating scheme
In a gravity heating system, the water heated in the boiler rushes upward, and then enters the heating devices, passes through them, giving off heat, and flows into the return pipeline, through which it is sent back to the boiler. The movement of water is also ensured by a slight slope of the supply and return pipelines, as well as the use of pipes of different diameters, larger for return and smaller for supplying hot water.
For reference: the return line or return pipeline through which the cooled coolant enters the boiler. The supply is the pipe through which hot water leaves the boiler.
A distinctive feature of a gravity heating system is the presence of an open expansion tank connected to the atmosphere, installed at the very top of the pipeline. It is designed to collect part of the coolant when it is heated, which is inevitably accompanied by an increase in the volume of liquid. Using an expansion tank filled with water, the hydraulic pressure necessary for fluid movement is created in the heating circuit.
As the coolant cools, its volume decreases. In this case, part of the liquid from the expansion tank re-enters the system, ensuring the integrity and continuity of the circulating coolant flow.
Among the advantages of a gravity heating system are:
- Even heat distribution
- Stability of operation
- Independence from the electrical network
- Alas, such a system has many more disadvantages than advantages:
- Difficulty in installation: it is necessary to observe the angle of inclination of the pipelines
- Large pipeline length and the need to use pipes of different diameters
- High inertia of the system, which reduces the ability to control the heating process
- The need to heat the coolant to high temperatures, which prevents the use of modern materials
- Large internal system volume
- Inability to connect underfloor heating systems
Forced movement of coolant in the house
In a private house, you can also use heating schemes with forced movement of coolant created by a circulation pump connected to the electrical network. To implement it, you can use any pipes, including polypropylene, as well as any method of connecting heating devices.
In systems with forced movement of coolant, a closed expansion tank is used, which can be installed anywhere, but in most cases it is installed in close proximity to the boiler. Such heating systems for a private home are also called closed, in contrast to systems with natural coolant movement, called open.
Please note that the connection diagram for radiators in closed systems can be any.
Connection diagrams for radiators in a private house
Double-pipe vertical design
This principle of connecting heating devices is most often used in multi-storey buildings. Hot water is supplied up a vertical pipe (up the riser), passes through the radiators, and then flows down. The scheme is applicable in systems with forced and natural circulation of coolant, but is more effective if there is a circulation pump.
Its undoubted advantage is the ability to separately control the heating of heating devices. To do this, an adjustment valve is installed on the supply pipe, which allows you to change the coolant flow. Shut-off equipment is not installed on the return pipe.
The disadvantage of this layout is the double flow of pipes for supply and return.
For one-story private houses, two-pipe horizontal schemes are more acceptable.
Collector heating circuit
In it, the coolant is distributed over the radiators through a collector, which ensures uniform heating of the rooms, and also allows you to heat houses of almost any configuration and size. The collector circuit also allows you to regulate the degree of heating of heating devices, changing the flow rate of the coolant and its speed using shut-off equipment.
Single-pipe heating circuit
This method of distributing coolant is the simplest and at the same time effective. The scheme is simple to implement, but its disadvantage is the uneven heating of the room. The fact is that the coolant cools down as it moves and is supplied to the last heating device at a much lower temperature than to the first.
The situation can be corrected by adding a bypass (bypass) line of a smaller diameter and installing an adjustment valve on each heating device. This system is often called “Leningradka”.
Video review - types, types of radiator heating at home
aquagroup.ru
Which heating scheme is best to choose for a private home?
The vast majority of private cottages are equipped with individual heat sources. Autonomous heating allows developers to move away from standard configurations and create convenient, efficient systems that are best suited for a house of a particular layout. There are no two identical heating systems; the heating scheme of a private house is always unique, although it is combined from a number of standard time-tested solutions.
Water heating device
How it works
Sometimes buildings are heated using ducted air systems, and in some places electric infrared heating is used as additional or main heating. For small buildings (especially country houses), people continue to order traditional wood-burning stoves. However, the most common option is water radiator heating, which has proven its practicality and efficiency over many years.
Schematic diagram of radiator heating with a list of main components
The operating principle of water systems is based on the circulation of a coolant fluid in a closed loop. At the outlet of the boiler, the water is the hottest, and at the return near the unit it is the coldest, as it leaves heat in the rooms where the heating devices are located. In any heating operating mode, the coolant continuously circulates - naturally or using pumping equipment.
The diagram of the heating system of a private house will display all the elements simultaneously or the units they form in particular; it is necessary both for calculations and for installation work.
What does a water heating system consist of?
- The boiler is a heat generator, in the heat exchanger of which the liquid (water or antifreeze - a combination of water and ethylene glycol) is heated to a set value. These can be gas, electric, solid fuel or liquid fuel units. There are also fireplaces and stoves in which coils are built in to connect the water circuit. There are also alternative sources for heating the coolant - heat pumps, solar collectors, etc.
Boiler room for water heating system
Important! To provide the house with hot water, double-circuit boilers are used or indirect heating boilers are installed, which in some cases is a more preferable solution.
- Heating devices transfer thermal energy to the air in rooms. As a rule, radiators and registers are used, somewhat less often - water-heated floor circuits, fan coil units and convectors. Their number, size and power depend on the size of the room and its operating mode.
- Pipelines connect the radiators to the heat generator, and heated water is transported through them. Depending on the design features of the building and various operational characteristics (thermal calculation), a decision is made to use one or another type of wiring; according to the hydraulic calculation, the optimal cross-section of pipes in all areas is determined. Most often, the heating connection diagram for a private house illustrates the methods of pipe routing, as well as the placement and connection of radiators.
The arrows indicate the direction of movement of the coolant; it constantly circulates
Additional contour elements are:
- expansion tanks for removing “excess” coolant, which increases in volume when heated;
- pressure gauges and safety valves for pressure control;
- pumps for pumping liquid inside the circuit (provide circulation);
- air vents to remove air plugs;
- taps for creating the necessary hydraulic conditions in various areas (balancing);
- thermal heads for regulating the performance of radiators.
Features of coolant transportation
Forced circulation
In private homes, a heating scheme is increasingly being used, in which the coolant is driven by a circulation pump. Pumping equipment is usually installed on the return line near the boiler, in the gap in the main line. The entire system operates under pressure, so the expansion tank is closed and can be installed anywhere.
Schematic diagram of heating with artificial circulation
A forced circulation system allows you to organize water heating in houses of any size and configuration, and choose any wiring option. An important disadvantage of systems with artificial circulation is the dependence of heating on electricity.
Gravity system
Heating schemes for a private house with natural circulation involve operation without pumps. In gravity systems, all sections of pipelines are located at a slope of 3 to 5 degrees towards the boiler. To make this happen, the heat generator itself is installed in a pit or mounted in the basement. The expansion tank is located at the highest point of the system; it must be of an open type (therefore, in order not to waste expensive coolant, water is used for this purpose).
Design of a natural circulation system
Gravity heating works well in a small house with a simple layout. Its main advantage is complete autonomy. True, due to the large cross-section of the pipes and the need to withstand slopes (there are few options for hidden installation), its aesthetics suffer greatly.
Important! To increase the efficiency of the gravity system, a circulation pump is integrated into it parallel to the main pipe. It is noteworthy that it can also work without electricity.
Methods for routing highways
Single pipe heating
A single-pipe heating connection diagram for a private house is chosen in order to save on materials. There is no separate pipe for collecting return flow; there is only one line in which the radiators are located in series.
Such a system is indeed cheaper, but it is ineffective in large houses, since the temperature difference between the first and last radiators of the circuit is too large (it is difficult to achieve uniform heating of all rooms).
Connecting radiators in a single-pipe wiring diagram
Important! To improve the controllability of a single-pipe system, radiators are connected to the main pipe through a bypass and tied using flow-limiting valves.
Two-pipe heating
In this case, the wiring is carried out by two separate lines, one of which is the supply and the other is the return. Radiators operate independently of each other, so setting the required temperature in all rooms is not difficult. This is a universal solution that allows you to create a wide variety of systems: horizontal and vertical (using risers), with top or bottom wiring.
Two-pipe heating is suitable for a building of any configuration, but you will have to pay for flexibility and functionality with twice the amount of pipe used.
Spatial axonometric diagram of a two-pipe system of a two-level house
Collector heating
In such a system, all radiators are powered by their own independent pipeline branches. Each heating device has its own supply pipe and its own return pipe. Both of them are connected to the distributing node - the collector. For example, two different manifold cabinets are created for the first and second floors of a cottage. The lines are laid mainly on the floor; the circulation pump is always used.
Schematic diagram of collector heating of a two-story house
This wiring is called beam wiring. It is even more convenient than a conventional two-pipe system, since balancing the heating is even easier, and the beam with a radiator on the tip can be extended even to the most inconvenient and remote place. But there will also be a little more pipe.
To develop an optimal design for the heating system of a private home, it is impossible to do without a high-quality hydraulic calculation. You will have to order it from a specialized organization, but you can do the installation yourself, if you wish.
Video: diagram of the heating system of a private house
teploguru.ru
Choosing a heating scheme for a private house
When we talk about the heating system of a private home, first of all, experts begin to discuss its elements and in what sequence they are connected to each other. That is, a heating scheme for a private house is being discussed. For many ordinary people, this is practically a closed area, especially for those who live in apartment buildings. But those who decide to build their own private house are immediately faced with the problem of choosing a heating system design. And there are several types of them. This is what we will talk about in this article.
What do you need to know first?
- Firstly, any heating circuit is a closed system.
- Secondly, the composition must include: a heating boiler operating on different types of fuel, radiators that act as heat sources, and pipes through which the coolant will move. Plus several additional elements: shut-off valves, thermometers, pressure gauges, expansion tank, circulation pump, etc.
- Thirdly, the principle of heating is that the coolant heated by the boiler moves through the pipes and enters the radiators, where it gives off its temperature to the air inside the rooms, and then moves through the pipes back to the boiler. After which the cycle repeats again.
Scheme with natural coolant circulation
Coolant movement methods
If we talk about the movement of the coolant, then there are two ways to move it:
- Gravity flow, when hot water moves along the circuit according to the laws of physics, that is, according to the principle of natural convection. Most often this option is called natural coolant circulation.
- Forced. Everything is simple here - the movement of water in the circuit is carried out using a pump. This method is called forced coolant circulation.
Features of a natural circulation system
In order for the coolant to move effectively along the heating piping diagram of a private house, it is necessary to follow some important rules.
- Both the supply and return circuits should be installed with a slight inclination towards the movement of hot water.
- The diameter of the pipes used in the return circuit must be larger than in the supply circuit.
- This is the so-called open heating system. An expansion tank is installed in it, communicating with the atmosphere. Basically, it has a flip top. The expansion tank itself is installed above all the elements in order to create a certain coolant pressure.
- This is a non-volatile system, except for the automation of the installed heating boiler.
Forced coolant circulation
To be honest, a natural circulation system has more disadvantages than advantages. This includes the complexity of the installation process associated with setting the slope of pipelines. This is the first. Secondly, it is highly inert; it is always difficult to control thermal processes in such heating systems. Third, you have to heat the coolant to high temperatures. And this means excessive fuel consumption and the inability to use modern materials. For example, plastic pipes on the supply circuit. Fourth, a large volume of coolant is required, which again takes a long time to heat up. Fifth, it is impossible to connect heated floors to such a system, which only work if there is a circulation pump.
Features of a forced circulation system
This option is many times better. True, it also has its drawbacks. One of them is the mandatory presence of electric current, because the pump will not work without this type of energy carrier. But in all other respects, this is a modern type of heating system for a private home. Especially when the house uses a single-pipe circuit. But more on that below.
Single-pipe scheme
So, forced circulation of the coolant creates certain conditions under which this system can operate. In principle, these conditions are advantages.
- Any pipes of small diameters are used. There is no need to create a slope to the contours, which leads to simplified installation processes. The volume of coolant decreases.
- Uniform distribution of coolant throughout the entire circuit.
- Any type of radiator connection.
- The installation of the expansion tank is a closed type, so it can be installed anywhere. Experts recommend on the return circuit near the heating boiler. By the way, such a scheme is often called a closed heating system for a private house.
Piping diagrams
And now we move on to the main question posed by the topic of our article: water heating schemes for a private house. There are two of them:- Single-pipe.
- Two-pipe.
Heating manifold
Single pipe heating system
If we consider this option purely schematically, we get a looped pipe system in which the main element is the heating boiler. From it, pipes are routed through the rooms, usually along the floor, which returns to the boiler. Heating radiators are embedded in the pipes in each room, which are heated by the coolant entering them through the inserts.
What can be said about a single-pipe heating system for a private house?
- It is the simplest, requiring a small amount of pipe and shut-off valves. And accordingly the cheapest.
- It is possible to carry out hidden pipe routing by recessing them into the body of the floor.
- This scheme is best used in low-rise construction.
One of the varieties of a single-pipe system is the Leningradka scheme. What is she? Let's start with the fact that it is used only for low-rise buildings. They try to make sure that the boiler is recessed below the floor base. This is a simple necessity if a natural circulation system is to be used. It is necessary to create such conditions so that hot water rises to the floor level and moves further along an almost horizontal pipe. Do not forget that slope is a prerequisite here. By the way, the photo below shows the Leningrad heating system of a private house.
Heating "Leningradka"
As you can see, the scheme is quite simple. By the way, the connection of radiators may not be the same as shown in the figure. For Leningradka this is not important. But this scheme has one significant drawback. Moving along the circuit from radiator to radiator, the coolant quickly loses its temperature. Reaching the extreme, it is practically already cold. The further the radiator is located from the boiler, the less thermal energy it receives, the cooler the rooms.
Is it possible to correct this situation? Can:
- The number of sections in the outer radiators increases, thereby increasing the heat transfer area.
- A pump is installed that evenly distributes the coolant throughout the heating radiators.
- You can install a bypass line using a smaller diameter pipe. This method has not been used for a long time, it is too complicated.
- Install an adjustment valve on each radiator, with which you can regulate the volume of coolant supply. In principle, this is a good option, but you will have to select the temperature regime in each room at random.
As mentioned above, the single-pipe scheme is often used in low-rise construction. But we recommend installing a circulation pump in the system for two- or three-story houses. This is the only way to achieve uniform distribution of hot water throughout all apartments and rooms. There is no other option here. By the way, this diagram is in the figure below.
Single-pipe scheme on two floors
Two-pipe system
A two-pipe heating system for a private house is considered the best option, which will provide heat to all rooms. What are its differences from a single-pipe?
- There are two circuits: supply and return.
- The diameter of the supply pipes is always smaller than the diameter of the return pipes.
- Be sure to install a pipe vertically upward from the boiler, which is called the expansion section. It is here that the coolant picks up speed for subsequent movement through the system. This mainly applies to the natural circulation scheme.
- From the supply circuit, risers descend into all rooms, connecting the supply to the radiators.
- Typically, the supply circuit is carried out either under the ceiling or in the attic. In the second case, you will have to insulate either the attic or the pipes themselves.
- The return is a pipe laid on the floor or in its body. It collects cooled coolant from all radiators, which enters the boiler.
Two-pipe heating circuit
The system is not the simplest; its cost is quite high, because a large number of pipes and shut-off valves are used. But it is precisely this that is the most effective. It has many advantages, I would like to mention some of them.
- It is possible to turn off each radiator if it becomes necessary to repair it. At the same time, the remaining radiators operate normally.
- You can adjust the temperature separately in each room.
If we consider the heating system of a one- or two-story private house, where a two-pipe junction was installed, then a more simplified version can be used. Experts call it with bottom wiring. The supply pipe and return pipe are laid on the floor. And the radiators are connected to each of the pipes at different ends. But for this you will have to install a circulation pump in the system. To help you understand what we are talking about, we suggest looking at the figure below.
Two-pipe circuit with bottom wiring
As a subtype in this category, there is another scheme, which is called collector. In essence, this is a two-pipe heating distribution of an upper-type private house through the attic, only it contains one device - a collector. It is installed immediately after the main riser and serves as a coolant distributor between rooms. And if we talk about the most efficient heating scheme, then this is it.
But the most amazing thing is that this scheme can be installed in houses with any architecture, with any configuration of room layout. Installation and routing of pipes in this case will be simple. In addition, the collector is a device with which you can regulate the temperature in each individual room.
These are the heating schemes for a private house that are used today when organizing a heating system.
In order for your stay in a private house to be as comfortable as possible, it must certainly have such an important element as a heating system for a private house. Only with its help can you create surprisingly pleasant, comfortable living conditions.
Of course, the coolant plays an important role in any heating system. In fact, its presence is a prerequisite, otherwise the heating device in a private house simply will not be able to function efficiently. Almost all modern heating systems use water as a coolant.
Heating system of a private house
The most correct option is to contact a specialized company, whose employees will help you choose a heating system for a private home and provide installation services for heating systems.
Professionals will be able to advise which type of heating system will be most efficient to use in your home, and will install it correctly.
It should be noted that sometimes home owners, not wanting to hire additional specialists, take on the installation of the heating system themselves. In fact, there is nothing complicated about this - you just need to follow certain installation rules.
What does the heating system consist of?
Quite often, the heart, the main element of any heating system is the boiler. It is he who heats the coolant, the task of which is obvious - to spread heat throughout the house. And, of course, liquid can best cope with this task. In most heating systems, it is customary to use water as a coolant.
A system with a coolant of this type is made closed. That is, the water in it circulates around the ring, and adding coolant is required extremely rarely.
Today, the two-pipe heating system, which is shown in the photo, is recognized as the most reliable and practical:
It consists of two circuits closed on the boiler - coolant supply and return. The first serves to supply the liquid heated in the boiler to the radiators, where it gives off its heat. After cooling, the coolant returns through the return pipes to the boiler for reheating. In this case, the most rational and most effective is the parallel arrangement of radiators - thus, they warm up at the same time, which makes it possible to uniformly warm up all rooms. It is important to remember that the heating efficiency is affected by the distance between the coolant supply and return circuits. The permissible minimum is the height from the window sill to the floor.
Many experts argue that such a heating system is less efficient than the old stove heating.
It should be admitted that they are partly right - after all, due to the passage of coolant through pipes and components, a certain loss of coolant occurs. However, we should not forget that stove heating does not make it possible to heat all rooms evenly at the same time. In addition, using a stove is very inconvenient due to the need to store a large supply of firewood. If you use a wood-burning boiler, much less fuel is required.
Most often, a fairly simple and at the same time very effective two-pipe heating system with natural coolant circulation is used. It allows you to heat your house with high quality without using additional equipment - electric circulation pumps. The reason for the popularity of this heating system for private houses is explained by the fact that there are frequent cases of power outages - and in this case (without electricity), the system simply will not be able to work.
All that is necessary for the correct and highest quality operation of such a heating system in a private home is strict adherence to the rules during its installation and a supply of fuel.
One of the main requirements, which is extremely important to comply with for the further operation of the system, is to create the maximum possible difference in height between the outlet of the system and the highest point of the system. That is why the most rational option is to locate the boiler with a pipe in the basement. If there is no basement, the boiler is installed in a recess on the ground floor. No less important is the creation of a slope for the return line. It is performed horizontally, starting from the first radiator of the system.
In a heating system of this type, there is one more mandatory element - an expansion tank. It is used to create maximum pressure in the system, which is extremely important for normal circulation. The operation of the tank is based on the usual gravitational principle. It should be placed as high as possible - the ideal place would be the attic. It is the height of the location, and not the amount of liquid in the tank, that determines the pressure.
The tank should have a medium volume. After all, its additional function is the ability to control the coolant level, which, if necessary, can simply be drained from the tank.
It should be remembered that such heating systems for a private home can only operate correctly if the coolant is water. A system with this principle of operation of the expansion tank is called open.
Closed systems are those in which the expansion tank is in no way connected to the outside world. That is, it does not have the ability to pump out coolant. In such a system it is customary to use a compensation tank. This is a small container, the internal cavity of which is divided into two parts by a flexible membrane. One of the parts is filled with coolant. The pressure in the system is regulated by bending the membrane in one direction or another. Since the system is closed, this allows antifreeze to be used as a coolant.
Pipes for heating system
For a long time, exclusively steel pipes were used to create the heating system. This was quite inconvenient, since installation took a long time, and rough seams subsequently greatly spoiled the visual perception of the system and the types of heating of private houses.
Fortunately, today it is possible to install a heating system of any complexity using metal-plastic pipes. They are thinner and more flexible. Their surface is made of special heat-resistant plastic, and the inside is made of a thin layer of aluminum. There are a huge number of additional elements on the market for metal-plastic pipes - corners, connections, taps. They allow you to both connect pipes to each other and connect a different type of pipe to them.
Since today there are quite a large number of types of metal-plastic pipes, special attention should be paid to the markings when choosing them. Pipes intended for heating systems are marked with the symbols “PE-RT-AL-PE-RT”.
The advantage of metal-plastic pipes is that they are quite easy to work with. Quite flexible and lightweight, they can be cut with a regular hacksaw or metal scissors.
In order for the heating methods of a private home to be as airtight as possible, all components should be carefully installed. In this case, it is rational to use press fittings - they perfectly preserve the integrity of the pipe.
What should you do first?
So, you have decided to create a high-quality and reliable heating system in your home that works with liquid coolant. The first thing that needs to be done when planning any type of heating systems for a private home is to create a detailed plan, a diagram of the future system. It should indicate: the location and level of the boiler, the duration of the pipeline, the placement of radiators and all additional components of the system, up to Mayevsky taps. After this, you should determine what kind of boiler power you need. After all, a weaker one will not be able to create the required level and rate of heating. And it is simply irrational to use a stronger one - after all, it will only work at half its power.
Quite often, homemade heating boilers are used when creating a heating system. They have a lower cost, but it is impossible to determine their exact power.
If you decide to supplement the types of heating systems in a private home with just such a boiler, then you should simply calculate the maximum volume of coolant that this boiler can hold. To do this, simply divide the volume of the room (or the total volume of the premises) that will be heated by 1000. That is, the volume of a room of 100 m2 is equal to 300 m3. We divide this indicator by 1000 and get 300. Accordingly, this is the amount of coolant that a homemade boiler should contain.
It should be noted that the size of the boiler directly depends on its power. That is, the higher the power, the larger the boiler. Of course, before creating a heating system plan, you should find an ideal place where the boiler installed will not disturb anyone. In this case, the level of the boiler’s location should be taken into account - it should be the lowest point of the system. The ideal solution is to locate the boiler in the basement. If your house does not have a basement, take care of a convenient niche in the floor. It is advisable that the boiler be located in a separate room, access to which can be limited for security reasons.
It is important to understand that certain types of boilers (gas, electric boilers) require special placement conditions. If you don’t know anything about them, be sure to contact specialists for advice before installing the system.
What to consider
When installing the main line, you should take pipes whose diameter is twice as large as the pipes that will supply the coolant directly to the radiator. This rule applies to both supply and return pipes. When installing the pipeline, the pipes must be secured with special rings - this way you can get rid of sagging.
Even if the system consists of metal-plastic pipes, the vertical riser running from the heating boiler to the expansion tank must be made of steel pipe. If there is no tank, the first few meters of the pipe should be made of steel. When connecting a membrane expansion tank, you can use a pipe of smaller diameter.
This is because the intense heat rising from the boiler can damage the plastic part of the pipe. It is better that the metal-plastic pipe is located only in a heated room.
If possible, you can lay two heating circuits, each of which, in turn, will consist of supply and return pipes. Such heating options for a private home are undoubtedly more expensive. However, if repairs become necessary, one of the circuits can be closed.
Air bleed valves must be installed on each radiator, as well as on the coolant supply and return lines.
Its excessive accumulation in the system can cause serious damage. The installation of radiators should be carried out in compliance with one condition - the side from which the return pipe exits should be located slightly lower - this is necessary in systems with natural coolant circulation.
When using a homemade heating boiler, it should be taken into account that the direct line pipe should be located as high as possible. This will avoid destructive water hammer. The heating boiler should be installed with a slope of 5 mm, which should be made towards the return line.
Rules for operating the heating system
When the installation of the system is completely completed, it should be filled with coolant. In this case, all valves that are used to bleed air must be open. After the heating systems of a private home are filled with coolant, the boiler should be lit using a small amount of fuel. This makes it possible to check the uniform heating of the system - there should be no excessively hot or cold areas (in this case, open the radiator valve and drain the water until hot water flows out).
There should be no extraneous sounds when heating in the boiler. Minor leakage of coolant in the area of threaded connections is allowed.
After several test runs, the threaded connection stops letting water through. Then you can start heating the boiler at full power.
Boiler power is a very important indicator that must be selected correctly. If the power is higher, there is a possibility of the boiler boiling, which, in turn, can lead to the most dire consequences not only for the heating system, but also for the entire house. If the boiler power is too low, this affects the return temperature level - it does not exceed 40 degrees.
Properly installed working heating methods for a private home should not produce any extraneous sounds. In addition, the temperature difference between the supplied coolant and the return does not exceed 40 degrees. A video on how to install the system can be viewed below.
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