You can find out how to do electrical wiring by reading this article. To ditch or not, to connect the wires by soldering or just twisting, which sockets and.

Before starting installation, you should familiarize yourself with the basic rules.

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Rules for installing electrical wiring

Electrical wiring is laid so that material consumption is minimal. Given the current cost of non-ferrous metal, this will save significant money. Moreover, by reducing the total length of wires, you minimize energy losses. Each apartment has a common wall separating the rooms. Installation can be done using one for both rooms. It is possible to have two boxes, which are located on both sides of the wall, but the distance should be kept as small as possible.

Socket Usage and Wiring Height

If there are similar ones on a common wall in one of the rooms and it is planned to place the same ones on the opposite side, it is allowed to make the wiring not from the boxes, but simply by connecting them with wires.

The correct electrical wiring diagram in the apartment should include possible risks of damage. To prevent access to electrical wires for pets, small children and to prevent them from stumbling, they can be hidden in the wall.

The wires are placed at a distance of 10-15 cm from the ceiling. Paintings or photographs are usually not hung at this level, so the risk of damage will be minimal. But if you plan to install a suspended ceiling in the room, then the location of the cables will depend on its design.

Choose the height of outlets carefully

Risks of water ingress

The wiring must be laid in such a way as to prevent water from entering it or the distribution boxes. You should not install sockets or switches, or do wiring in rooms with high humidity and temperature changes. Therefore, only lighting is provided in toilets and bathrooms, and the presence of electrical fittings is not desirable.

Note!

If there is no grounding loop in the house and the wiring is done with two wires, then it is prohibited to use sockets in these rooms.

Also, the electrical wiring diagram should not include the installation of distribution boxes, switches or sockets on external walls and floors.

Fire safety

When planning the wiring and selecting the appropriate cross-section of wires, you need to take into account the possibility of their heating and fire of the structure. Therefore, wires should be laid as far as possible from flammable objects and structural elements.

Typically, in apartments, the connection of wires in junction boxes is carried out by simple twisting. To do this, you need to clear the insulation from the wires to be joined approximately 5 cm from the ends. Using pliers, twist them tightly together and insulate them with electrical tape or use special caps.

Correct wire connection

To properly connect the wires you will need a soldering iron, solder and flux. Each wire stripped of insulation is first tinned, and the volume is soldered into the circuit. In this case, it is necessary to leave a small supply of wire in the box in case of future work.

Electrical wiring methods

Installation of electrical wiring in a one-room apartment can be done in an open, closed or hidden way under structural elements.

The open method involves laying without the use of additional insulation. This is the cheapest and most dangerous method, which it is advisable not to use in practice. If absolutely necessary, use wires with reliable insulation.

Open wiring is sometimes done in plastic boxes or corrugated sleeves. It is used in offices and public institutions.

Cables can be hidden under the facing material with which the walls are sheathed or covered. For example, remove it under drywall or plaster.

The most popular and safest method is a closed electrical distribution in a pipe or laid in a special pipe. This is only possible if these pipes were installed in the walls, ceiling or floor at the construction stage.

Securing wires and boxes

If the surface of the walls is not lined, you can do the wiring yourself using alabaster. Using a spatula, material is applied to a small section of the wall and the wire is pressed in. Alabaster hardens quickly; you will have to hold the wire for 30-40 seconds until it dries completely. The distance between the fastening points should not exceed 50 cm and the cable should fit tightly to the surface.

You can use special staples that are driven into the seams between the building material.

Note!

It is advisable to keep the distance between the fasteners small depending on the weight of the selected cable.

Mounting brackets can be made from nails. Having driven halfway into the wall, they are bent with a hammer, forming the required fastening.

Features of wiring fastening

There is one drawback to attaching wiring to walls using only alabaster. The solution dries quickly and you have to constantly mix fresh one. The staples do not hold the wire firmly enough and may fall off during repair work. Nails during fastening can damage the wire unnoticed by the installer and cause a short circuit.

It is better to secure the wiring in the kitchen using staples and additionally cover it with alabaster or putty. Heavy cables designed for heavy loads are usually laid in this room, so the distance between the brackets needs to be smaller.

Sometimes you need to trench both the walls and the floor

Wall chipping

It's easier and faster to do grating manually. The walls in ordinary apartments are covered with lime or cement-lime mixture, the thickness of which does not exceed a centimeter. It has low strength, so if you run it several times in one place with an ordinary screwdriver, you will get a good scratch that can be used to lay the wire. If the finishing is made of a sufficiently strong material or its depth is insufficient for routing, then you will have to use a special tool. A grinder or grinder is perfect for this.

Grilling walls in a panel house

In such buildings, all walls, ceilings and floors have increased strength. The advantage of such surfaces is that they are smooth. It is not advisable to ditch them. This kind of electrical wiring in an apartment takes a lot of time, it creates a lot of dust and noise. If you plan to install suspended ceilings, then the ideal option would be to do the wiring using an open method. In this case, the cables should be routed under the ceiling using a corrugated hose or mounting box. The suspended ceiling should completely hide the electrical wires.

When insulating walls from the inside, the material can be used to hide the wiring. Wiring can be carried out only if the walls do not freeze at low temperatures and condensation does not form on them. Wires are laid at floor, ceiling, and panel seams. There are special skirting boards for sale for both floors and ceilings. They have cavities designed for laying cables. In order to install sockets and switches, the walls will have to be tapped.

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Until recently, the load on the electrical network in residential premises was insignificant. Calculations and installation of networks were not given due attention. Electrical supply projects were carried out according to standard schemes. The emergence of modern high-power equipment causes the redevelopment of the entire residential electrical wiring network, recalculation of its power and replacement of electricians. To carry out design and installation work in a new formation, you need to know the modern principles of arranging a residential electrical network.

Home electrical planning

So that during the operation of electronic equipment and connecting it from various electrical points does not lead to constant reinstallation of network elements, so that you do not have to constantly ditch the walls of the apartment, experts recommend starting work on arranging the electrical network with drawing up a power supply diagram. An example of a wiring diagram and connection of electrical equipment can be seen in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Example of an apartment power supply diagram

Such a drawing or diagram is formed in the “reverse order”: initially, all the lighting equipment and power equipment used are applied to the apartment plan; then, based on power calculations, the wiring diagram, wire cross-section, and protective devices are selected.

Power part

The power part of the electrical network includes powerful equipment used in the apartment: ovens, stoves, heating tanks, air conditioners. To connect them, separate powerful lines are allocated, protected by separate circuit breakers (RCDs). This design method will allow for safer operation of equipment in an apartment and more efficient repair work on electrical wiring networks.

Lighting part

The next block of the apartment's electrical circuit is the lighting part. There are two design options here:

  • one group;
  • several groups of lighting equipment.

The first type of scheme is used in small rooms equipped with a relatively small number of lighting devices. The second lighting circuit method is more common. An example of such a connection is shown in Figure 2.


 Rice. 2. Design diagram for several lighting groups in an apartment

If in a room, in addition to lighting elements, there is a need to use power supplies and transformers, it is also recommended to turn them on in a separate electrical circuit with a separate RCD.

Large home appliances

In any apartment, the place where a large number of household appliances are concentrated is the kitchen. Most of them continue to work when a person is not directly using them. This is a refrigerator, electric stove, bread maker, etc. To ensure correct operation of equipment and constant protection of the network from overloads and short circuits, when developing an apartment’s electrical network, experts recommend separating a separate line. Such connections are made by laying electrical wiring with a larger cross-section and installing a high-load RCD.

Drawing up a wiring diagram

Electrical wiring in an apartment begins with drawing up a network wiring plan. Installing electrical wiring according to an existing design drawing is much simpler and more expedient for a number of advantages:

  • the electrical network diagram will allow you to plan in advance the necessary equipment and facilities;
  • the presence of a circuit will allow you to accurately determine the power of the input input;
  • the drawing gives installation personnel an understanding of potentially fire-hazardous wiring components in order to take measures to redesign them or take additional safety measures;
  • The diagram will allow installation to be carried out as planned, with verification of completion of the full cycle.

Examples of schemes for a one-room apartment

Electrical engineers believe that if the total load on the apartment’s electrical network does not exceed 25 A, then it is possible and even cost-effective to plan the network with one circuit per machine. This method is a typical standard scheme of the past, when lighting elements with were included in the circuit. Today, these techniques have been abandoned and installation is carried out along independent separate circuits. An example of wiring a one-room apartment is shown in Figure 3.


 Rice. 3. Electrical supply diagram for a one-room apartment

The drawing shows the competent distribution of the network load of a one-room apartment into several separate circuits with their own RCDs. Such a system will ensure trouble-free operation of the wires and correct operation of the equipment without voltage drop.

For a two-room apartment

The difference between the drawing for the installation of supplies for a two-room apartment and a one-room apartment is in the larger number of circuits in terms of wiring. Some arrangements are possible here. Figure 4 shows an example of such a circuit.


 Rice. 4. Electrical supply diagram for a two-room apartment

The example clearly shows several lighting circuits, as well as separately dedicated protected circuits for the kitchen, rooms and other powerful equipment.

For a three-room apartment

Figure 5 shows an example of a drawing, which is often used for apartments with three or more rooms, where a fairly large number of conductors will come out of one distribution board.


 Figure 5. Example of a power supply diagram for a three-room apartment

The peculiarity of this option is that there are separate circuits enclosed in separate blocks with their own protection. In this example, there are 2 blocks (25 A and 40 A, respectively). This method allows you to separate zones of cable products, making the system more convenient and practical.

Choice of installation method: open or hidden

After determining the layout of cable lines, the method of laying cables should be adopted. There are two ways to lay lines - hidden, open.

The first method is common when the finishing of premises is carried out with suspended structures and false panels (plasterboard, MDF). There is no need to make grooves (grooves) in the walls followed by putty. Hidden electrical wiring installed in an apartment has a number of significant advantages:

  • maintaining the general appearance and integrity of the interior;
  • less stringent requirements for cable installation conditions;
  • increased tolerances to permitted currents.

It is not uncommon to see the option of open wiring. Wires are often placed in special plastic boxes attached to the decorative surfaces of the room. The open method of laying cables has the following advantages:

  • possibility of installation after or during finishing work;
  • faster installation;
  • the ability to modernize the network by installing additional cables or dismantling them.

Currently, if the arrangement of the electrical network is an integral part of the general renovation of the premises, specialists often use a hidden method of laying conductors.

Tool you will need for the job

Electrical installation and repair is a complex, labor-intensive process performed by professional electricians. You can’t do this without a set of special equipment. In work (for laying, replacing old electrical wiring), the installation team uses the following set of professional tools and accessories:

  • angle grinder machine with cutting wheels for stone;
  • bit;
  • perforator;
  • screwdrivers with handles made of insulating material;
  • phase indicator (indicator);
  • wire cutters;
  • pliers;
  • extension;
  • level;
  • putty knife;
  • portable lamp.

List of further works

After the wiring diagram has been sketched out, we begin to calculate the network parameters and install it.

Selecting a cable and calculating its cross-section

To accurately calculate the cable cross-section based on the power of consumers, use the following relationship: I=P/U, where P is the total power of all consumers in the circuit for which the cross-sectional area of ​​the conductor cores is selected, and U is the voltage of the apartment network. Most often, wiring circuits are arranged in such a way that the electric current load in them does not exceed 25 A. In this case, use the following sections:

  • wire VVG-3*2.5 – two-core power cable with a cross-section of one conductor of 2.5 mm 2. This is the most used wire for organizing the electrical network in the apartment. They connect the distribution board with the distribution boxes of the premises;
  • wire VVG-3*1.5 - two-core power cable with a cross-section of one conductor of 1.5 mm 2. Such conductors are used for installation from distribution boxes to sockets;
  • wire VVG-3*4 – three-core power cable with a conductor cross-section of 4 mm 2. Such conductors are separated into separate circuits for connecting powerful apartment consumers (furnace, heating tank, etc.).

Marking sockets and switches

The placement of sockets and switches in the apartment should ensure ease of use and cover the needs of residents in connecting equipment. A typical example of the layout of electrical equipment (connection points) is presented in Figure 6.


When marking the locations of sockets and switches, the following requirements of modern standards must be observed:

  • sockets and switches are located to the left of the doors;
  • switches are mounted at a height of 0.9 m from the floor;
  • in living rooms, sockets are located at a height of 0.4 m from the floor, in the kitchen - 0.95 -1.15 m, in the bathroom the use of sockets is prohibited.

Wall chipping

After marking the locations of distribution boxes, sockets, switches, and installation points for lamps, they begin to arrange grooves (grooves) along the walls and on the ceiling for laying out the wiring. It is worth remembering that gating should be done in horizontal and vertical planes along straight lines. This will make it possible to more accurately determine the location of the wire in the future. The grooves are made using a grinder or a hammer drill. The depth of the groove must be at least 20 mm, and the width must be sufficient for laying all cables planned for laying in this location.

Cabling

The principles of laying cables for hidden and open wiring are the same. Installation starts from the connection points and leads to the distribution panel. Next, the line is inserted into the shield and moved to another circuit. If necessary, identification tags are hung on the end sections of the wiring for quick reference. After installation is completed, the cables are covered with boxes or putty in the wall.

Installation of socket boxes and junction boxes

The laid wiring is brought to the mounted junction boxes and electrical outlets, inserted into them, and the ends are driven out with a small margin. All wiring branches are arranged in boxes. The connection of the conductors of aluminum or copper wiring must be reliable. For connection, it is advisable to use special devices, as shown in Figure 7.


Immediately before connecting the wires, they ring and make sure that the installation work is carried out correctly at this stage.

Installation and assembly of electrical panel

When all the cables of all electrical circuits are laid to the installation site of the electrical panel, they begin to organize the apartment's distribution panel. This part of the electrical network is characterized by a large number of conductors and protective devices, so it is very important to make all connections correctly. For the shield, you always choose mounting boxes with a certain supply of seats. This will allow you to upgrade the system or eliminate its malfunction in the future.

An example of an electrical panel diagram for a standard apartment is shown in Figure 8.


 Figure 8. Example of electrical panel diagram

In the figure, the positions indicate: 1 - input machine; 2 - electric meter; 3 - zero bus; 4 - protective grounding bus; 5–9 - automatic machines; 10 - separate automatic switch for lighting

Installation of sockets and switches

Sockets are installed in pre-installed boxes with wire ends removed. The process is not difficult and will require a minimum set of tools: pliers, wire cutters, and a screwdriver. This is the final stage of installation work on the apartment’s electrical network.

Checking the quality of work

The quality of the work performed is checked by turning on the wiring circuits and checking the presence of voltage and the correct phase distribution in the network. This procedure is carried out using voltage indicators. Incorrect installation can also immediately show a disconnected circuit breaker against short circuits.

Useful video on the topic



Electricity is an integral energy resource of modern construction projects, intended, in particular, for housing. It's hard to imagine a modern home without electrics.

Traditionally, a home network is installed by default by electrical specialists during the construction process. However, in some situations you have to deal with electrification yourself. Is it possible to carry out the work without relevant experience?

We will tell you how to do the wiring in an apartment with your own hands from the panel, what schemes and arrangement options are best to follow, and outline the rules and requirements for electrical installation. In addition, we will describe the stages of the work - starting from selecting and pulling the wire, and ending with the installation of sockets, switches and a meter.

Suppose there is a private house built or a new apartment with a rough finish that requires engineering equipment - electrical wiring and all the included paraphernalia.

Of course, it is advisable to entrust the installation of the electrical network inside a private house (apartment) to professional performers.

However, professional service comes with inevitable serious costs. In addition, there are regions where professional electricians are in real short supply.

Installing an electrical network for residential use with the help of professional electricians is not cheap. However, this approach eliminates a lot of electrical installation problems.

There is a clear way out of this situation - independent electrification of your own apartment/house. But how to install electrical wiring in an apartment with your own hands without any experience?

Perhaps, only with the help of the necessary information - understandable, corresponding to current norms and rules.

Review of diagrams and installation options

Serious construction always begins with a plan. Electrification of your own apartment (house) also initially involves the creation of a circuit solution.

Urban apartments are usually built in a standard manner. That is, in fact, a standard power supply diagram should already be attached to a standard project.

How to stretch a wire in a channel?

Each section of the channel for electrical wiring by default contains a traction thread - a metal wire with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm. The ends of this thread are brought out through the inlet and outlet holes of the channel.

It is enough to tie the electrical wiring to the traction thread at the input and then carefully pull the conductors along the channel using a pull-up from the opposite end of the channel.

If there is no traction thread in the channel, in fact, it is not difficult to pass it through yourself, given the small diameter and sufficient elasticity of the steel wire.

An example of securing a cable with a metal string for subsequent pulling inside the cable channel. This is a common method for installing apartment electrical wiring - pulling inside cable channels

In this way, electrical wiring is “loaded” onto each individual section of the apartment circuit, including supply channels to traditional electrical points:

  • electricity consumption meter;
  • electrical outlets;
  • light switches;
  • residential calls, etc.

It should be noted that current regulations require that the ground bus cable be wired together with the terminal wires. It is recommended to connect terminals in a certain order.

The procedure for performing work with electrical wiring

It is recommended to start work on installing electrical installation products and connecting terminal units from the point furthest from the central distribution box.

Typically, this point is the electrical outlet(s) in the farthest room.

Work on connecting apartment electrical points traditionally starts from the sockets of the most remote room. Modern installation requirements for such electrical installation products require a three-wire configuration

Stage #1 - connecting apartment sockets

The socket terminals are connected to the conductors of the electrical line (phase - zero), plus, according to the rules, each of the sockets is required to be connected to the grounding terminal to the grounding conductor.

Conductors - phase, neutral, grounding, as a rule, differ in color:

  • phase- brown;
  • zero- blue;
  • Earth– yellow-green.

In addition, the grounding conductor, again according to the rules, always has an increased diameter in relation to the other two conductors.

Having completed the installation and connection, you should check the integrity of the lines of the current section of the apartment wiring using an electrician's tester.

Testing of connected terminal points using a tester. The check is simple - through the function of measuring resistance for a “short circuit” of the circuit

To run the test:

  1. At the other end of the channel in the junction box, connect the phase and neutral wires together.
  2. Plug in the probes of the measuring device that is turned on to measure resistance.
  3. Make sure the tester indicates "short circuit".

A similar check is also performed for the grounding line, connecting it to any of the linear wires. One of the probes of the device is moved to the ground bus.

Thus, moving closer to the main input point, all socket terminals included in the apartment circuit are sequentially switched off.

In this case, after testing each of the two sections, wire connections are made inside the junction boxes. Having completed work with sockets, they move on to switches - communication devices.

Stage #2 – installation of apartment lighting switches

This type of installation in general is not much different from work with apartment sockets. However, there are technical issues with .

So, if the sockets provide direct parallel connection to the circuit, the switch circuit creates an open circuit through one wire (phase) - that is, connection in series.

An example of a switching unit design consisting of two switches of the same type (single) design. Typically, this arrangement of appliances is typical for an apartment bathroom.

Switches are also mounted in niches of wall panels, but it is taken into account that each communication device works with a specific lighting device. From here you can choose the design of the switch - single key, two keys.

It is also recommended to test the operation of residential electrical wiring switches. This is done simply. The conductors intended for the lighting device are connected to the tester in resistance measurement mode, after which the key is manipulated.

In the closed state, the tester will show a “short circuit”; in the open state, no contact.

The part of the circuit with switches and lamps also assumes the presence of distribution boxes, where, after testing individual sections, connections are made to the rest of the electrical wiring.

Stage #3 – work at the meter installation site

Most installation options involve installing an electricity meter inside the apartment. Typically, this control device is mounted in close proximity to the point of entry of conductors emanating from the panel.

This requires the installation of not only the meter itself, but also those calculated according to the load - theoretically, switching each functional section of the apartment electrical wiring, as in the example below:

This scheme ensures reliable functioning of the electrical wiring in the apartment and allows you to eliminate possible faults without removing the voltage on the entire home network.

In addition, it becomes convenient to test apartment electrical wiring the first time it is turned on, sequentially turning on each individual segment.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

For more complete information regarding the installation of electrical wiring in the apartment area, it is recommended to watch a video describing the processes.

Familiarization with the video will enrich your existing experience, which will only have a positive impact on the quality of work.

Electrical wiring done by hand in a city apartment is a completely acceptable option. However, there are some “buts” in solving the issue in this way.

Firstly, you should not take on this matter if you do not have the slightest experience in electrical installation. Secondly, when planning to carry out work independently, you first need to think about your own safety and only secondarily about your own benefit.

Share with readers your experience of independently installing wiring in your apartment, connecting sockets and switches. Please leave comments, ask questions about the topic of the article and participate in discussions - the feedback form is located below.

In the practical work of any home craftsman, questions periodically arise related to the modification of the electrical circuit, when it is necessary to install an additional outlet, hang a new lamp, or completely refurbish a room.

The question immediately arises: how is the electrical wiring diagram made, and where should it be connected?

The situation is aggravated when the building is old, the apartment has had several owners, each of whom carried out renovations according to his own taste. As a result, all electrical wiring connection points are hidden inside the decorative coatings, and the routes for laying its cables and wires are unknown.

Principles of constructing an electrical circuit in an apartment

Any wiring is created using general methods and is somehow different from all other wiring schemes.

Required elements of the scheme

The basis for creating electrical wiring is the one to which electricity is supplied from the supplying organization. It can be installed at the entrance to a private house, on the staircase entrance of a multi-storey building - multi-storey or directly inside the apartment.

Electricity in the apartment panel from the input immediately goes to the electric meter - a device that takes into account its consumption. After it, it is distributed along the supply lines to consumers by cables and wires.

To protect circuits, automatic devices are used, embedded in the circuit inside the apartment panel in front of the cable going to the consumer.

Distinctive features

Each specific wiring diagram necessarily differs from similar designs due to the use of numerous designs of various models of electrical devices, wires and cables with their installation according to standard or individual projects using different methods.

Methods for supplying voltage to consumers in an apartment

The electric current from each operating household appliance is summed up in the apartment panel and taken into account by the meter through which the total load passes. Therefore, the current-carrying lines of the apartment panel are made of a thick section, which eliminates thermal overload of the wiring and aging of the insulation.

Wires from the apartment panel are laid with a smaller cross-section to consumers: the load through them is lower. But the material and cross-section of the core are selected according to reference books, taking into account the operating conditions of the wires and the power transmitted through them.

In this case, there are three possible ways to implement the scheme:

    a loop (buses), when a common wiring line is created through distribution boxes, and from them there are branches to electrical points (sockets, switches, lamps);

    radial method, which consists in supplying voltage to each socket with a separate cable, running directly without breaks or connections from the protection of the apartment panel;

    in a combined way, combining elements of the first two principles.

Voltage supply via cable

All ends of electrical wires and cables are connected inside junction boxes. To connect them, a connection map is created.

An example is an electrical wiring diagram used in multi-story residential buildings built forty years ago. As an example, consider the structure of the old wiring of a one-room apartment.

An electric meter and two circuit breakers were installed inside the access switchboard. One was used for the socket group, and the second worked for lighting. From them, cables or, more often, wires - “aluminum noodles” went in a train to three (sometimes four) junction boxes:

1. rooms;

3. Sanitary unit and bathroom.

Both loops were laid in parallel lines to each box and switched in it. Since previously the loads on electrical wiring were small, separation by wire thickness was not used. The entire circuit was fully mounted with a cross-section of aluminum conductors of 2.5 mm2.

The distribution box for the toilet and bathroom was installed in the corridor and connected by wires to control the lighting of both rooms.

The diagram shows an option for protecting consumers connected separately to sockets and lighting devices. The principle of controlling consumers based on their location in the rooms was also often used. For example, AB No. 1 protects the kitchen and bathroom equipment, and No. 2 protects the corridor and room.

Inside one room, several sockets were often connected with a cable, and lighting was done with a three-arm chandelier controlled by a two-key switch.

The supply of voltage to consumers can be carried out according to other principles, when part of the load is connected through the third backup circuit breaker of the apartment panel. To determine how to connect sockets and switches, proceed as follows:

    turn on all the lamps and plug in working electrical appliances, for example, a table lamp or a razor;

    turn off any circuit breaker in the panel and monitor consumers that have stopped working;

    make a note for memory;

    turn off the next machine and record the changes;

    analyze information.


Radial voltage supply

The apartment panel distributes electricity to circuit breakers, as in the previous case. In this situation, they are more carefully selected according to technical characteristics for each consumer based on individual load current.

The cable connects sockets, switches and lamps directly to circuit breakers without using any additional connections.

With this principle, the electrical wiring ensures increased operational reliability by disconnecting from the protection only the consumer where the malfunction occurred. However, in this case you need:

    increased number of circuit breakers;

    large dimensions of the apartment panel for their placement;

    long cable lines.

Due to this, the material costs of creating the circuit and its cost increase.

Combined voltage supply

The method combines two developments: a loop and a radial connection, taking into account their application to local conditions. Due to the correct selection of loads, reasonable cost savings are created.

Principles of laying cable lines

Whatever electrical connection scheme is chosen, to implement it it is necessary to connect the apartment switchboard circuit breakers with wires to consumers.

There are the following methods of cabling on building structures:

    along the ceiling;

    on the walls;

    under the floor;

    mixed method.

Laying cables on the ceiling

The traditional old scheme, which is often resorted to now.

Cables from sockets, switches and panels rise along vertical lines to the ceiling and enter the ceiling below it. When it becomes necessary to turn and connect wires to the junction box, for example, to connect a switch, then create only a right angle no lower than 15 cm from the top.

This method allows you to avoid accidental damage to hidden wiring in the future when drilling into walls to attach shelves, pictures and other elements.

Laying cables along the wall

The method is similar to the previous one, but the cable lines are directed only along the walls.

There may be obstacles on the way of the electrical main: water supply, sewerage, heating pipelines, gas pipelines. They must be bypassed, creating an air gap as an insulating, separating area of ​​at least 3 cm.

Laying cables on the floor

This method began to be used relatively recently in the construction of new buildings. The cables from the apartment panel are lowered down, laid under the floor covering, protected from mechanical stress. They are routed to the sockets vertically.

When connecting sockets with a cable, jumpers are laid along the floor in pipes or tapped into walls.

Junction boxes are installed to connect lamps and switches.

Features of electrical wiring in panel houses

With the in-line factory method of manufacturing multi-story buildings, uniform templates for wall and ceiling panels are created. Empty channels for laying wires are immediately made inside them.

For technological reasons, their direction may differ from strict vertical and horizontal orientation.

The first panel buildings, called Khrushchev buildings, have specific electrical wiring laid under the wooden floor of the apartment. It rises vertically to the sockets in the wall cavities, and is supplied to the lamps and switches through a hole in the concrete floor slab of the neighbor above.

In this way, they previously tried to save material costs on wiring, but they neglected safety elements.

How to make a wiring diagram in an apartment with your own hands

Electrical equipment requires compliance with strict operating rules. Incorrect connection to the voltage network creates an increased risk of injury at home. For this reason, all electrical work is carried out by trained specialists who have undergone training and passed exams.

Connecting electrical appliances on your own is usually not very difficult and ends well even if you make a few minor mistakes. However, when engaging in such activities, it is necessary to first study the safety rules and current regulations.

Electrical wiring diagrams are carried out by design organizations that have received state permission for this type of activity. It is quite acceptable to try to make a project with your own hands and get advice on it from a specialist.

To do this you will need:

    create a room plan to scale or use the developer’s technical drawings;

    mark all furniture and large items on it in compliance with proportions;

    determine the installation locations of electrical consumers, assess their load;

    plan the placement of electrical points: sockets, switches, lamps, junction boxes;

    mark electrical wiring routes along the walls, ceiling or floor;

    make a sketch for each room.

Room plan

Such a drawing should be kept in the housing and communal services documentation. If you don’t have access to it, you can use a tape measure and draw a simple sketch yourself on paper.

Furniture arrangement

Stationary placement of large items in the room should not clutter sockets and lamps. Access to switches must be made free and their use convenient.

Therefore, all electrical points are placed taking into account the free area of ​​building structures. This gets rid of .

Assessment of power consumption of electrical appliances

Analysis of the created loads allows you to:

    group consumers;

    select protection and switching devices for them;

    choose the design of cables and wires.

Selection and calculation of electrical wiring is carried out according to the applied load for open and closed modes of operation using electrical reference books.

Determining the installation locations of electrical points

Planning the location of switches, sockets and lamps is carried out taking into account the solutions to the issues discussed above.

The coordinates of each electrical point are indicated on the sketch. They are used to mark building structures. It will allow you to design the direction and calculate the length of wires and cables for their purchase.

Such a plan is drawn up for each room. It will become the basis for creating a wiring diagram for the electrical wiring in the apartment, will help to purchase the necessary materials, and perform optimal installation work.

By saving it in home technical documentation, you can always recall the features of the electrical circuit in memory for its modifications and modernization.

Until recently, electrical wiring in a private house was made of aluminum cable with a cross-section of 2.5 mm². And this was more than enough to connect a refrigerator, iron or radio.

However, time does not cost less, and every day the number of household appliances in the house only increases (air conditioners, electric stoves and ovens, boilers, autonomous heating boilers, and so on). In this regard, the load on the electrical wiring increases significantly, which can lead to its failure, followed by a short circuit or even a fire.

For this reason, during new construction or renovation work, it is first necessary to carry out new installation of electrical wiring in a private house. To do this, you can either order the services of professionals, or do all the work yourself.

In the second case, it will be extremely useful to read this article, since it will describe in detail each of the stages of electrical installation and present all the basic requirements, recommendations and limitations when performing this type of work.

The main stages of installing electrical wiring in a private or country house

According to many years of experience in performing electrical installation work, all work can be divided into the following stages:

  1. Drawing up a power supply diagram (number and location of sockets, switches, lamps, etc.).
  2. Determining the installation location of the distribution panel.
  3. Marking ceilings, walls and floors for laying cables and wiring products and installing socket boxes and distribution boxes.
  4. Chasing walls for hidden electrical wiring.
  5. Grooving walls for installing a distribution panel (when installing an internal panel).
  6. Drilling holes for installing socket boxes and distribution boxes.
  7. Installation of routes for fastening the corrugation (if the laying of cable and wire products will be carried out in the corrugation).
  8. Laying of cable and wire products.
  9. Installation of socket boxes and rough sealing of grooves.
  10. Disconnection of distribution boxes.
  11. Installation of the ground loop.
  12. Checking the grounding resistance of the mounted circuit.
  13. Assembly and installation of the shield.
  14. Checking the functionality of all sockets and switches.
  15. Installation and connection of sockets, switches and lighting fixtures.

Let us consider in more detail the main stages so that the installation of electrical wiring in the house is carried out with high quality and will last at least 20–25 years (this is exactly the minimum service life of copper wiring).

Drawing up a power supply diagram (project for the placement of sockets and switches)

During construction or major repairs, the first stage is the development of design and estimate documentation. This should be done by specialized organizations with a license. This option will not be considered in this article, since the purpose of this article is to provide a detailed description of doing electrical installation yourself.

In our case, the project (electrical supply diagram) involves determining the installation locations of sockets, switches, household appliances, lighting devices, lighting panels and the method of laying wires (hidden or open). Let's consider what basic recommendations exist when developing a power supply plan.

Basic recommendations when drawing up a power supply diagram for a private home

  1. All cable and wire products, regardless of installation option, must be made strictly vertically or horizontally.
  2. Rotations of cables must be made strictly at an angle of 90°.
  3. The minimum distance from cables to portals, window and door openings should not be less than 10–15 cm.
  4. The optimal distance from the finished floor level to the switches should be 90 cm (in accordance with European standards).
  5. The optimal height for the location of socket groups is 30 cm from the level of the finished floor (with the exception of sockets on the work surface in the kitchen, in the bathroom for connecting a hair dryer, razor, boiler, etc.).
  6. It is recommended to place sockets on both sides of the bed or sofa.
  7. In places where TVs are installed, the number of sockets must be at least 4 pcs (2 pcs for the Internet and television cable and 2 for connecting a TV and tuner).
  8. For large corridors and rooms, it is recommended to use pass-through switches.
  9. All powerful consumers (air conditioners, electric stoves and ovens, boilers, heating boilers, etc.) must be connected exclusively from a distribution panel with separately installed protection.
  10. The optimal installation height for the distribution panel is 1.5–1.7 m from the finished floor level.
  11. It is prohibited to lay cables and wires closer than 20 cm to the gas pipe.
  12. All metal elements and sockets must be grounded.

What is the usual wiring diagram in a private home?

Of course, houses can be very different from each other, but the essence of high-quality installation is approximately the same for everyone, and it is as follows:

  1. An electric meter is installed on the facade of the building, to which a descent is made from the overhead line via a wire (the electricity supply organization is responsible for this part and for the meter).
  2. A voltage stabilizer(s) and a power distribution panel or automation are installed in a garage or some other room, which controls and transmits electricity through an input copper cable with a cross-section of 10–35 mm².
  3. A generator is installed on the street near the room where the switchboard is located, which supplies the house in the absence of a centralized power supply.
  4. On each floor inside the house there is a separate distribution panel, to which the input cable is connected in parallel.
  5. The distribution panel contains separate RCDs for the sockets of each room, circuit breakers separately for each room and separate RCDs for air conditioners, boilers, heating boilers and underfloor heating systems.
  6. All powerful consumers are powered strictly from the distribution panel, which provides for the installation of individual protection elements (RCD).
  7. A separate distribution box must be installed in each room, in which the input cables and cabling and wiring products of the socket group and lighting circuits will then be switched.

Important! When drawing up a power supply plan, it is necessary to take into account the type of supply network. If you have a 3-phase network, then the input cable to the house should have 5 mils; in the case of single-phase power supply, the number of cores of the supply cable should be 3.

Once you have decided on the power supply circuit and installation locations for electrical accessories, you can begin marking out the room.

In order to mark the room you will need:


Initially, using a laser level (water level) and a tape measure, we mark the installation locations of sockets and switches. Next, using a building level or a laser level and a pencil (mark), we mark the descents from the ceiling to the sockets and switches using strictly horizontal lines for subsequent cutting.

Using a laser level, we mark on the ceiling the places where cable and conductor products will be laid for the subsequent installation of fasteners for corrugations and cable laying.

We mark the installation location of the distribution box, which should be selected in such a way that the costs of cable and wire products are minimal.

Important! When marking the ceiling, keep in mind that all cables from sockets and switches and input cables to socket groups and lighting circuits will be brought into the distribution box, therefore, when installing corrugated fasteners, it is necessary to calculate how many cables will go where.

After completing the markings, when performing hidden electrical installations, you can begin to groove the walls. To do this, you will need either an angle grinder (grinder) or a wall chaser with a vacuum cleaner (for dust-free chase):

Initially, it is necessary to determine the depth of the groove. Let's say you are installing a cable in a corrugated cable with a diameter of 16 mm. In this case, the depth and width of the groove must be at least 20 mm. The grooves are cut according to pre-made markings.

Important! It is prohibited to make grooves at an angle or to groove load-bearing structures (crossbars, load-bearing walls, floor slabs, etc.).

Also, at the stage of wall slitting, it is necessary to make a hole for installing an internal distribution panel. Its dimensions depend on the number of modules. In most cases, a distribution panel with 24–36 modules should be installed on each floor (depending on the number of rooms and the number of household appliances).

Drilling holes for electrical outlets and distribution boxes

For this we need:


To drill holes, turn on the “drilling + drilling” mode, insert the required crown and drill the required number of holes in the pre-marked places.

Important! When installing several sockets nearby, you need to buy junction boxes, attach them to the installation site and only then drill holes. Because otherwise you will not be able to install sockets with covers that are installed under one strip.

Installation of cable and wire products

In most cases, with high-quality installation, all cable and wire products are laid in corrugation. This provides additional protection for the cable, simplifies installation and makes subsequent replacement possible if the cable fails without opening the walls and disrupting the repairs performed. It is also worth noting that do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a house is done in 90% of cases in a hidden way (in grooves) and very rarely in cable ducts in an open way.

What type of cable and wire products to choose

Here, of course, you need to perform a lot of calculations, but based on many years of experience, I would like to note:

  1. To power the lighting circuits, a 3x1.5 mm² cable (PVSng, VVGng ShVVPng) is required.
  2. To power the socket group of each room, a 3x2.5 mm² cable.
  3. To power household air conditioners, the cable is 3x2.5 mm², but if its power is more than 5 kW, then the cable cross-section must be increased to 4 mm².
  4. To power an electric stove and oven, the cable cross-section must be at least 4 mm².
  5. To power heating boilers (electric), depending on the type of power supply (single-phase or three-phase), the cable must be from 4 mm2 to 35 mm2 (depending on power). In most cases, the manufacturer writes the recommended cross-section and number of cable cores.

Important! When laying cable and wire products, each socket group must be connected from a separate RCD (precisely an RCD in accordance with the requirements of SNiP). Also from individual machines the following must be connected:

  • electric floor heating systems;
  • boilers;
  • washing machines;
  • electric stationary heaters;
  • heating boilers;
  • air conditioners;
  • dishwashers.

What should the input cable be like?

The input cable from the meter to the house must be calculated according to the rating of the input machine (installed after the meter). But in most cases, an input cable with a cross-section of 10–16 mm2 is sufficient for a 3-phase network and 16–70 mm2 for a 1-phase supply network.

Installation and wiring of the distribution box

After installing the cable and wire products, you can install distribution boxes in pre-cut holes. To securely fix them, it is necessary to use alabaster, which sets very quickly, after which you can disconnect it.

Disconnection is performed in 3 ways:


Important! It is better to make connections in the distribution box using color markings of the cables (blue to blue, brown to brown, yellow-green to yellow-green). This will prevent the phase from being confused with earth or grounding. In this case, the brown (white) wire is the phase, the blue (black) is the neutral, and the yellow-green is the ground.

Installation and assembly of the distribution panel

After laying cables and wires, installing and connecting distribution boxes, you can begin installing the electrical distribution panel.

How many modules should the shield be installed on?

Electrical wiring in a private house involves installing a panel on each floor in private houses, cottages or dachas. However, in order to find out how many modules are needed, you first need to calculate how many consumers there will be. Let's make a calculation for the standard version, that using its example we were able to install electrical wiring in the house with our own hands.

Let's say on your floor:

  1. 3 rooms.
  2. Kitchen;
  3. Corridor;
  4. Boiler;
  5. Washing machine;
  6. Warm floor system in 3 rooms and kitchen;
  7. Electric stove;
  8. 4 air conditioners.

Based on this, you need to install in the distribution board:

  1. 5 single-pole circuit breakers 10 A (lighting 3 rooms, kitchen and corridor);
  2. 14 pieces of RCD for 16 A (3 pieces of sockets in rooms, 1 piece of kitchen sockets, 1 piece of corridor sockets, 1 piece of boiler socket, 1 piece of washing machine socket, 3 pieces of floor heating system, 4 pieces of air conditioning);
  3. 1 RCD 25–32 A for connecting an electric stove.

From the above calculations, we will have 35 occupied modules (30 modules occupy 15 RCDs and 5 circuit breaker modules). That is, we will need a distribution board with 36 modules. However, if you also want to connect a voltage limiter or the number of consumers will be larger, then the shield must be mounted on 48 modules.

After installing the distribution board, you can install RCDs and circuit breakers. They are easily mounted on a special DIN rail, which comes as standard with the switchboard.

Important! When disconnecting the distribution board, the phase (brown) wires must go through automatic machines or RCDs, the neutral (blue) wires must be collected on the zero bus, and the yellow-green wires must also be connected on the 2nd zero bus).

Conclusion

Whether it is electrical wiring in a country house or a cottage, if installed correctly, it will allow you to operate household appliances without incident, without worrying that a short circuit or fire may occur.

It is also worth noting that when the electrical wiring in a country house is completely installed and connected to the ground loop, it is necessary to test with a megger and a device to check the resistance of the ground loop.

This article “Do-it-yourself electrical wiring (electrical installation) in a private house: step-by-step description” will allow you to do the electrical installation yourself, but it is always better to entrust this task to professionals.

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